ISSN: 2228-5881 eISSN: 2251-7308

Adv Pharm Bull. 2016;6(3): 293-299. doi: 10.15171/apb.2016.041

PMID: 27766213 PMCID: PMC5071792

Editorial

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: New Opportunity in Cell-Free Therapy

Davod Pashoutan Sarvar ¹, Karim Shamsasenjan ¹ * , Parvin Akbarzadehlaleh ²

Cited by CrossRef: 103

1- Qu J, Zhang H. Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells International. 2017;2017:1 [Crossref]

2- Kahroba H, Davatgaran-Taghipour Y. Exosomal Nrf2: From anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation response to wound healing and tissue regeneration in aged-related diseases. Biochimie. 2020;171-172:103 [Crossref]

3- Avalos P, Forsthoefel D. An Emerging Frontier in Intercellular Communication: Extracellular Vesicles in Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10 [Crossref]

4- Tian M, Ticer T, Wang Q, Walker S, Pham A, Suh A, Busatto S, Davidovich I, Al‐Kharboosh R, Lewis‐Tuffin L, Ji B, Quinones‐Hinojosa A, Talmon Y, Shapiro S, Rückert F, Wolfram J. Adipose‐Derived Biogenic Nanoparticles for Suppression of Inflammation. Small. 2020;16(10) [Crossref]

5- Chen M, Lan H, Jin K, Chen Y. Responsive nanosystems for targeted therapy of ulcerative colitis: Current practices and future perspectives. Drug Delivery. 2023;30(1) [Crossref]

6- Vatsa P, Negi R, Ansari U, Khanna V, Pant A. Insights of Extracellular Vesicles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: a Prospective Cell-Free Regenerative Medicine for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol. 2022;59(1):459 [Crossref]

7- Jabbari N, Karimipour M, Khaksar M, Akbariazar E, Heidarzadeh M, Mojarad B, Aftab H, Rahbarghazi R, Rezaie J. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: insights into bystander effects of exosomes after irradiation. Lasers Med Sci. 2020;35(3):531 [Crossref]

8- Lim W, Michelle Luk K, Lee K, Nurul N, Loh S, Yeow Z, Wong Q, Daniel Looi Q, Chong P, How C, Hamzah S, Foo J. Small Extracellular Vesicles’ miRNAs: Biomarkers and Therapeutics for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(4):1216 [Crossref]

9- Yu T, Yang L, Zhou Y, Wu M, Jiao J. Exosome-mediated repair of spinal cord injury: a promising therapeutic strategy. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1) [Crossref]

10- Yang R, Liu F, Wang J, Chen X, Xie J, Xiong K. Epidermal stem cells in wound healing and their clinical applications. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1) [Crossref]

11- Zhuang Y, Jiang S, Yuan C, Lin K. The potential therapeutic role of extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10 [Crossref]

12- Martelli F, Giannecchini S. Polyomavirus microRNAs circulating in biological fluids during viral persistence. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2017;27(3) [Crossref]

13- Malekpour K, Hazrati A, Zahar M, Markov A, Zekiy A, Navashenaq J, Roshangar L, Ahmadi M. The Potential Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes for Orthopedic Diseases Treatment. Stem Cell Rev and Rep. 2022;18(3):933 [Crossref]

14- Qing L, Chen H, Tang J, Jia X. Exosomes and Their MicroRNA Cargo: New Players in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2018;32(9):765 [Crossref]

15- Soundara Rajan T, Giacoppo S, Diomede F, Bramanti P, Trubiani O, Mazzon E. Human periodontal ligament stem cells secretome from multiple sclerosis patients suppresses NALP3 inflammasome activation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2017;30(3):238 [Crossref]

16- Xu R, Zhang F, Chai R, Zhou W, Hu M, Liu B, Chen X, Liu M, Xu Q, Liu N, Liu S. Exosomes derived from pro‐inflammatory bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce inflammation and myocardial injury via mediating macrophage polarization. J Cellular Molecular Medi. 2019;23(11):7617 [Crossref]

17- Tan K, Chia W, How C, Tor Y, Show P, Looi Q, Foo J. Benchtop Isolation and Characterisation of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Biotechnol. 2021;63(9):780 [Crossref]

18- Lee Y, Park H, Auh Q, Nah H, Lee J, Moon H, Heo D, Kim I, Kwon I. Emerging Potential of Exosomes in Regenerative Medicine for Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis. IJMS. 2020;21(4):1541 [Crossref]

19- Ghasempour E, Hesami S, Movahed E, keshel S, Doroudian M. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy in the brain tumors. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1) [Crossref]

20- Wu K, Xing F, Wu S, Watabe K. Extracellular vesicles as emerging targets in cancer: Recent development from bench to bedside. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 2017;1868(2):538 [Crossref]

21- Huang X, Kou X, Zhan T, Wei G, He F, Mao X, Yang H. Apoptotic vesicles resist oxidative damage in noise-induced hearing loss through activation of FOXO3a-SOD2 pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1) [Crossref]

22- Mobarak H, Heidarpour M, Rahbarghazi R, Nouri M, Mahdipour M. Amniotic fluid-derived exosomes improved spermatogenesis in a rat model of azoospermia. Life Sciences. 2021;274:119336 [Crossref]

23- Khodamoradi K, Golan R, Dullea A, Ramasamy R. Exosomes as Potential Biomarkers for Erectile Dysfunction, Varicocele, and Testicular Injury. Sexual Medicine Reviews. 2022;10(2):311 [Crossref]

24- Budgude P, Kale V, Vaidya A. Mesenchymal stromal cell‐derived extracellular vesicles as cell‐free biologics for the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Biology International. 2020;44(5):1078 [Crossref]

25- Peng P, Wang X, Qiu C, Zheng W, Zhang H. Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells prevent steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2023;180:114004 [Crossref]

26- Batsali A, Georgopoulou A, Mavroudi I, Matheakakis A, Pontikoglou C, Papadaki H. The Role of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles (MSC-EVs) in Normal and Abnormal Hematopoiesis and Their Therapeutic Potential. JCM. 2020;9(3):856 [Crossref]

27- Zha L, Li X, Meng X, Liu Y, Liu W, Wang Y, Fan Y, Zhou B, Li P, Zheng R, Zhang Y. Effects of Early MSC Intervention on Preventing the Streptozotocin-Induced T1DM Progression in Mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020;2020:1 [Crossref]

28- Zhou Q, Cai Y, Lin X. The dual character of exosomes in osteoarthritis: Antagonists and therapeutic agents. Acta Biomaterialia. 2020;105:15 [Crossref]

29- Gemayel J, Chaker D, El Hachem G, Mhanna M, Salemeh R, Hanna C, Harb F, Ibrahim A, Chebly A, Khalil C. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived secretome and extracellular vesicles: perspective and challenges in cancer therapy and clinical applications. Clin Transl Oncol. 2023;25(7):2056 [Crossref]

30- You B, Shan Y, Bao L, Chen J, Yang L, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Shi S, You Y. The biology and function of extracellular vesicles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol. 2017; [Crossref]

31- González‐Cubero E, González‐Fernández M, Gutiérrez‐Velasco L, Navarro‐Ramírez E, Villar‐Suárez V. Isolation and characterization of exosomes from adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Anatomy. 2021;238(5):1203 [Crossref]

32- Amelirad A, Shamsasenjan K, Akbarzadehlaleh P, Pashoutan Sarvar D. Signaling Pathways of Receptors Involved in Platelet Activation andShedding of These Receptors in Stored Platelets. Adv Pharm Bull. 2019;9(1):38 [Crossref]

33- Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Fazel P, Fallah A, Sedighian H, Kachuei R, Behzadi E, Imani Fooladi A. Host and Pathogen-Directed Therapies against Microbial Infections Using Exosome- and Antimicrobial Peptide-derived Stem Cells with a Special look at Pulmonary Infections and Sepsis. Stem Cell Rev and Rep. 2023;19(7):2166 [Crossref]

34- Chance T, Herzig M, Christy B, Delavan C, Rathbone C, Cap A, Bynum J. Human mesenchymal stromal cell source and culture conditions influence extracellular vesicle angiogenic and metabolic effects on human endothelial cells in vitro. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(2S):S100 [Crossref]

35- Olejarz W, Kubiak-Tomaszewska G, Chrzanowska A, Lorenc T. Exosomes in Angiogenesis and Anti-angiogenic Therapy in Cancers. IJMS. 2020;21(16):5840 [Crossref]

36- Singh G, Mehra A, Arora S, Gugulothu D, Vora L, Prasad R, Khatri D. Exosome-mediated delivery and regulation in neurological disease progression. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2024;264:130728 [Crossref]

37- Ahmadvand Koohsari S, Absalan A, Azadi D. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulating pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1) [Crossref]

38- Chen X, Wei Q, Sun H, Zhang X, Yang C, Tao Y, Nong G. Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulate Macrophage Polarization to Attenuate Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Mice. IJSC. 2021;14(3):331 [Crossref]

39- Qi L, Wang R, Shi Q, Yuan M, Jin M, Li D. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium restored the expression of collagen II and aggrecan in nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells exposed to high glucose. J Bone Miner Metab. 2019;37(3):455 [Crossref]

40- Arjmand B, Alavi-Moghadam S, Sarvari M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rezazadeh- Mafi A, Arjmand R, Nikandish M, Nasli‐Esfahani E, Larijani B. Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Inflammopharmacol. 2023;31(1):171 [Crossref]

41- Abbasi B, Shamsasenjan K, Ahmadi M, Beheshti S, Saleh M. Mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells interaction mechanisms and potential clinical applications. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1) [Crossref]

42- Moeinzadeh L, Razeghian-Jahromi I, Zarei-Behjani Z, Bagheri Z, Razmkhah M, Dias Da Silva V. Composition, Biogenesis, and Role of Exosomes in Tumor Development. Stem Cells International. 2022;2022:1 [Crossref]

43- Jin M, Yu N, Jin Y, Mao Y, Feng L, Liu Y, Wang A, Sun H, Kwon T, Han Y. Peroxiredoxin II with dermal mesenchymal stem cells accelerates wound healing. Aging. 2021;13(10):13926 [Crossref]

44- Namini M, Daneshimehr F, Beheshtizadeh N, Mansouri V, Ai J, Jahromi H, Ebrahimi-Barough S. Cell-free therapy based on extracellular vesicles: a promising therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1) [Crossref]

45- Chen L, Kao T, Chen C, Niaz N, Lee H, Chen Y, Kuo C, Shen Y. Frontier Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Current Approaches of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Cells. 2023;12(7):1018 [Crossref]

46- Li R, Zhao K, Ruan Q, Meng C, Yin F. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-124-3p attenuates neurological damage in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by downregulating Ern1 and promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1) [Crossref]

47- Kucharzewski M, Rojczyk E, Wilemska-Kucharzewska K, Wilk R, Hudecki J, Los M. Novel trends in application of stem cells in skin wound healing. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2019;843:307 [Crossref]

48- Kornicka-Garbowska K, Pędziwiatr R, Woźniak P, Kucharczyk K, Marycz K. Microvesicles isolated from 5-azacytidine-and-resveratrol-treated mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of suspensory ligament injury in horse—a case report. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1) [Crossref]

49- Pan Y, Wu W, Jiang X, Liu Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: From mechanisms to therapy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;163:114817 [Crossref]

50- Askenase P. COVID‐19 therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and convalescent plasma must consider exosome involvement: Do the exosomes in convalescent plasma antagonize the weak immune antibodies?. J of Extracellular Vesicle. 2020;10(1) [Crossref]

51- Warrier S, Mohana Sundaram S, Varier L, Balasubramanian A. Stalling SARS-CoV2 infection with stem cells: can regenerating perinatal tissue mesenchymal stem cells offer a multi-tiered therapeutic approach to COVID-19?. Placenta. 2022;117:161 [Crossref]

52- Timari H, Shamsasenjan K, Movassaghpour A, Akbarzadehlaleh P, Pashoutan Sarvar D, Aqmasheh S. The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Hematopoietic Stem Cells Fate. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017;7(4):531 [Crossref]

53- Li W, Jin L, Cui Y, Nie A, Xie N, Liang G. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-induced exosomal microRNA-486-3p protects against diabetic retinopathy through TLR4/NF-κB axis repression. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(6):1193 [Crossref]

54- Ji L, Bao L, Gu Z, Zhou Q, Liang Y, Zheng Y, Xu Y, Zhang X, Feng X. Comparison of immunomodulatory properties of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and dental pulp stem cells. Immunol Res. 2019;67(4-5):432 [Crossref]

55- Wu P, Zhang B, Shi H, Qian H, Xu W. MSC-exosome: A novel cell-free therapy for cutaneous regeneration. Cytotherapy. 2018;20(3):291 [Crossref]

56- Aqmasheh S, Shamsasanjan K, Akbarzadehlaleh P, Pashoutan Sarvar D, Timari H. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derivatives on Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017;7(2):165 [Crossref]

57- Li S, Luo L, He Y, Li R, Xiang Y, Xing Z, Li Y, Albashari A, Liao X, Zhang K, Gao L, Ye Q. Dental pulp stem cell‐derived exosomes alleviate cerebral ischaemia‐reperfusion injury through suppressing inflammatory response. Cell Proliferation. 2021;54(8) [Crossref]

58- Giacoppo S, Thangavelu S, Diomede F, Bramanti P, Conti P, Trubiani O, Mazzon E. Anti‐inflammatory effects of hypoxia‐preconditioned human periodontal ligament cell secretome in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis: a key role of IL‐37. The FASEB Journal. 2017;31(12):5592 [Crossref]

59- Anand K, Vadivalagan C, Joseph J, Singh S, Gulati M, Shahbaaz M, Abdellattif M, Prasher P, Gupta G, Chellappan D, Dua K. A novel nano therapeutic using convalescent plasma derived exosomal (CPExo) for COVID-19: A combined hyperactive immune modulation and diagnostics. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2021;344:109497 [Crossref]

60- Santa Cruz-Pavlovich F, Bolaños-Chang A, Del Rio-Murillo X, Aranda-Preciado G, Razura-Ruiz E, Santos A, Navarro-Partida J. Beyond Vision: An Overview of Regenerative Medicine and Its Current Applications in Ophthalmological Care. Cells. 2024;13(2):179 [Crossref]

61- La Shu S, Yang Y, Allen C, Hurley E, Tung K, Minderman H, Wu Y, Ernstoff M. Purity and yield of melanoma exosomes are dependent on isolation method. J of Extracellular Vesicle. 2020;9(1) [Crossref]

62- Diomede F, Gugliandolo A, Cardelli P, Merciaro I, Ettorre V, Traini T, Bedini R, Scionti D, Bramanti A, Nanci A, Caputi S, Fontana A, Mazzon E, Trubiani O. Three-dimensional printed PLA scaffold and human gingival stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a new tool for bone defect repair. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9(1) [Crossref]

63- Jafarinia M, Alsahebfosoul F, Salehi H, Eskandari N, Azimzadeh M, Mahmoodi M, Asgary S, Ganjalikhani Hakemi M. Therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles from human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal Cellular Physiology. 2020;235(11):8779 [Crossref]

64- Lakshmi J, Nallusamy J, Manivasagam G, Ramalingam M, Sunil P, Tom A. Exosomes in the oral and maxillofacial region. J Pharm Bioall Sci. 2020;12(5):43 [Crossref]

65- Gao X, Cao Z. Gingiva-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Potential Applications in Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases. CSCR. 2020;15(1):43 [Crossref]

66- Malekpour K, Hazrati A, Soudi S, Roshangar L, Pourfathollah A, Ahmadi M. Combinational administration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and metformin reduces inflammatory responses in an in vitro model of insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Heliyon. 2023;9(5):e15489 [Crossref]

67- Domenis R, Cifù A, Quaglia S, Pistis C, Moretti M, Vicario A, Parodi P, Fabris M, Niazi K, Soon-Shiong P, Curcio F. Pro inflammatory stimuli enhance the immunosuppressive functions of adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1) [Crossref]

68- Jafarinia M, Alsahebfosoul F, Salehi H, Eskandari N, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Cell-Free Therapy. Immunological Investigations. 2020;49(7):758 [Crossref]

69- Mousavi S, Hashemi S, Gholami A, Kalashgrani M, Vijayakameswara Rao N, Omidifar N, Hsiao W, Lai C, Chiang W. Plasma-Enabled Smart Nanoexosome Platform as Emerging Immunopathogenesis for Clinical Viral Infection. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(5):1054 [Crossref]

70- Xu H, Jia S, Xu H. Potential therapeutic applications of exosomes in different autoimmune diseases. Clinical Immunology. 2019;205:116 [Crossref]

71- Schepici G, Silvestro S, Mazzon E. Regenerative Effects of Exosomes-Derived MSCs: An Overview on Spinal Cord Injury Experimental Studies. Biomedicines. 2023;11(1):201 [Crossref]

72- Mobarak H, Rahbarghazi R, Lolicato F, Heidarpour M, Pashazadeh F, Nouri M, Mahdipour M. Evaluation of the association between exosomal levels and female reproductive system and fertility outcome during aging: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2019;8(1) [Crossref]

73- Su G, Lei X, Wang Z, Xie W, Wen D, Wu Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes Affect Macrophage Phenotype: A Cell-free Strategy for the Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Disorders. CMM. 2023;23(4):350 [Crossref]

74- Mahindran E, Wan Kamarul Zaman W, Ahmad Amin Noordin K, Tan Y, Nordin F. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Hype or Hope for Skeletal Muscle Anti-Frailty. IJMS. 2023;24(9):7833 [Crossref]

75- Gholami M, Ghorban K, Sadeghi M, Dadmanesh M, Rouzbahani N, Dehnavi S. Mesenchymal stem cells and allergic airway inflammation; a therapeutic approach to induce immunoregulatory responses. International Immunopharmacology. 2023;120:110367 [Crossref]

76- Steens J, Unger K, Klar L, Neureiter A, Wieber K, Hess J, Jakob H, Klump H, Klein D. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into therapeutically active vascular wall-typical mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77(17):3401 [Crossref]

77- Yi G, Zhang S, Ma Y, Yang X, Huo F, Chen Y, Yang B, Tian W. Matrix vesicles from dental follicle cells improve alveolar bone regeneration via activation of the PLC/PKC/MAPK pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1) [Crossref]

78- Sarvar D, Effatpanah H, Akbarzadehlaleh P, Shamsasenjan K. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles: novel approach in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1) [Crossref]

79- Park K, Bergqvist M, Lässer C, Lötvall J. Targeting Myd88 using peptide-loaded mesenchymal stem cell membrane-derived synthetic vesicles to treat systemic inflammation. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1) [Crossref]

80- Liu L, Guo S, Shi W, Liu Q, Huo F, Wu Y, Tian W. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Periodontal Regeneration. Tissue Engineering Part A. 2021;27(13-14):962 [Crossref]

81- Ulpiano C, da Silva C, Monteiro G. Bioengineered Mesenchymal-Stromal-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as an Improved Drug Delivery System: Methods and Applications. Biomedicines. 2023;11(4):1231 [Crossref]

82- Jing H, He X, Zheng J. Exosomes and regenerative medicine: state of the art and perspectives. Translational Research. 2018;196:1 [Crossref]

83- Dauletova M, Hafsan H, Mahhengam N, Zekiy A, Ahmadi M, Siahmansouri H. Mesenchymal stem cell alongside exosomes as a novel cell-based therapy for COVID-19: A review study. Clinical Immunology. 2021;226:108712 [Crossref]

84- Park K, Svennerholm K, Shelke G, Bandeira E, Lässer C, Jang S, Chandode R, Gribonika I, Lötvall J. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived nanovesicles ameliorate bacterial outer membrane vesicle-induced sepsis via IL-10. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1) [Crossref]

85- Zidan A, Al-Hawwas M, Perkins G, Mourad G, Stapledon C, Bobrovskaya L, Zhou X, Hurtado P. Characterization of Urine Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reveals B Cell Stimulating Cargo. IJMS. 2021;22(1):459 [Crossref]

86- Romanov Y, Volgina N, Dugina T, Kabaeva N, Sukhikh G. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Microvesicles Express Surface Markers Identical to the Phenotype of Parental Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2018;166(1):124 [Crossref]

87- Esfandyari S, Elkafas H, Chugh R, Park H, Navarro A, Al-Hendy A. Exosomes as Biomarkers for Female Reproductive Diseases Diagnosis and Therapy. IJMS. 2021;22(4):2165 [Crossref]

88- Kumar M, Baba S, Sadida H, Marzooqi S, Jerobin J, Altemani F, Algehainy N, Alanazi M, Abou-Samra A, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil A, Macha M, Mir R, Bhat A. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1) [Crossref]

89- Chen X, Wang X, Hou Z. Editorial: MSC-derived exosomes in tissue regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11 [Crossref]

90- Barros I, Marcelo A, Silva T, Barata J, Rufino-Ramos D, Pereira de Almeida L, Miranda C. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells’ Therapy for Polyglutamine Disorders: Where Do We Stand and Where Should We Go?. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020;14 [Crossref]

91- Xu Y, Shen L, Li F, Yang J, Wan X, Ouyang M. microRNA‐16‐5p‐containing exosomes derived from bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion, while promoting apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells by downregulating ITGA2. Journal Cellular Physiology. 2019;234(11):21380 [Crossref]

92- Bosholm C, Zhu H, Yu P, Cheng K, Murphy S, McNutt P, Zhang Y. Therapeutic Benefits of Stem Cells and Exosomes for Sulfur-Mustard-Induced Tissue Damage. IJMS. 2023;24(12):9947 [Crossref]

93- Guy R, Offen D. Promising Opportunities for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Biomolecules. 2020;10(9):1320 [Crossref]

94- Ozaki Tan S, Floriano J, Nicastro L, Emanueli C, Catapano F. Novel Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Myocardial Infarction Therapeutics. Biomolecules. 2020;10(5):707 [Crossref]

95- Yang Y, Hong Y, Cho E, Kim G, Kim I. Extracellular vesicles as a platform for membrane‐associated therapeutic protein delivery. J of Extracellular Vesicle. 2018;7(1) [Crossref]

96- P, Gupta S, Krishnakumar V, Sharma Y, Dinda A, Mohanty S. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes: a Nano Platform for Therapeutics and Drug Delivery in Combating COVID-19. Stem Cell Rev and Rep. 2021;17(1):33 [Crossref]

97- Iannotta D, Yang M, Celia C, Di Marzio L, Wolfram J. Extracellular vesicle therapeutics from plasma and adipose tissue. Nano Today. 2021;39:101159 [Crossref]

98- Benderitter M, Herrera-Reyes E, Tamarat R. Mesenchymal stromal cells in the regeneration of radiation-induced organ sequelae: will they make the difference?. J Radiol Prot. 2022;42(2):024001 [Crossref]

99- Romanov Y, Volgina N, Dugina T, Kabaeva N, Sukhikh G. Effect of Storage Conditions on the Integrity of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Microvesicles. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019;167(1):131 [Crossref]

100- Nafar S, Nouri N, Alipour M, Fallahi J, Zare F, Tabei S. Exosome as a target for cancer treatment. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2022;70(5):1212 [Crossref]

101- Marrazzo P, Pizzuti V, Zia S, Sargenti A, Gazzola D, Roda B, Bonsi L, Alviano F. Microfluidic Tools for Enhanced Characterization of Therapeutic Stem Cells and Prediction of Their Potential Antimicrobial Secretome. Antibiotics. 2021;10(7):750 [Crossref]

102- Aguiar Koga B, Fernandes L, Fratini P, Sogayar M, Carreira A. Role of MSC‐derived small extracellular vesicles in tissue repair and regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;10 [Crossref]

103- Joseph S, Sabitha M, Nair S. Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanosystem for Colon Specific Drug Delivery. Adv Pharm Bull. 2019;10(1):1 [Crossref]

104- Kumar S, Dhar R, Kumar L, Shivji G, Jayaraj R, Devi A. Theranostic signature of tumor-derived exosomes in cancer. Med Oncol. 2023;40(11) [Crossref]