Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2228-5881 14 4 2024 12 30 The Role of Estrogen in Brain MicroRNAs Regulation 819 835 10.34172/apb.39216 EN Peyvand Bahramiazar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5534-9021 Naseh Abdollahzade https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6383-1002 Bakhtyar Tartibian Naser Ahmadiasl Fakhreddin Yaghoob Nezhad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8518-8409 Journal Article 10.34172/apb.39216 2022 08 28 2024 09 08 Purpose: This review aims to elucidate the role of estrogen-sensitive microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating brain functions and disorders, highlighting the protective effects of estrogen on the central nervous system. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, examining the relationship between estrogen, miRNAs, and cognitive health. The study focused on experimental data comparing cognitive impairments between genders and the mechanisms of estrogen’s effects on brain function. Results: Cognitive impairments are less prevalent in women of reproductive age compared to men, indicating estrogen’s neuroprotective role. Estrogen modulates gene expression through specific receptors, while miRNAs regulate approximately 30% of protein-coding genes in mammals. These miRNAs play critical roles in synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. The review identifies several estrogen-sensitive miRNAs and their potential involvement in brain disorders. Conclusion: The interplay between estrogen and miRNAs offers valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive health and disease. Understanding these relationships may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for addressing various brain disorders, particularly those associated with hormonal changes and aging.