Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to prepare, characterize, examine the stability and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Indonesian propolis extract-loaded self-emulsifying (PESE).
Methods: Oil, emulsifier, and co-emulsifier were selected as the carrier for the PESE formulation through a propolis-extract solubility test on each carrier, followed by evaluation of the nanoemulsion region in a pseudo ternary phase diagram. Pre-concentrate of PESE was prepared with the addition of 150 mg/mL propolis extract followed by characterization for the transmittance, globule size, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, robustness to dilution, and accelerated stability. The selected formulation was tested for antibacterial activity using a microdilution method.
Results: The PESE characterization produced a clear nanoemulsion with a globule size ranging from 13 to 45 nm and zeta potential of less than −38 mV. The PESE formulation with a composition of 150 mg/mL propolis extract, 20% castor oil, 40%–70% Kolliphor EL, and 10%–40% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were thermodynamically stable. The PESE formulation with the composition of 20% castor oil, 40% Kolliphor EL, and 40% PEG 400 was the optimum formulation that passed the robustness to dilution evaluation and an accelerated stability test for 3 months. The antibacterial activity test on this formulation indicated improved activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared with that of propolis extract.
Conclusion: These studies demonstrated that PESE in optimum formulation could be used as an antibacterial, particularly in E. coli and S. aureus.