Mozhgan Jahani
1 
, Davood Rezazadeh
1,2, Parisa Mohammadi
3, Amir Abdolmaleki
4, Amir Norooznezhad
1, Kamran Mansouri
1,2* 1 Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 Applied Cell Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Abstract
Blood vessel development is one of the most prominent steps in regenerative medicine due to the restoration of blood flow to the ischemic tissues and providing the rapid vascularization in clinical-sized tissue-engineered grafts. However, currently tissue engineering technique is restricted because of the inadequate in vitro/in vivo tissue vascularization. Some challenges like as transportation in large scale, distribution of the nutrients and poor oxygen diffusion limit the progression of vessels in smaller than clinically relevant dimensions as well in vivo integration. In this regard, the scholars attempted to promote the vascularization process relied on the stem cells (SCs), growth factors as well as exosomes and interactions of biomaterials with all of them to enable the emergence of ideal microenvironment which is needed for treatment of unhealthy organs or tissue regeneration and formation of new blood vessels. Thus, in the present review we aim to describe these approaches, advances, obstacles and opportunities as well as their application in regeneration of heart as a prominent angiogenesis-dependent organ.