Enwa Felix Oghenemaro
1 
, Safia Obaidur Rab
2, Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
3* , Asmaa F. Kassem
3,4, Jasur Rizaev
5, Deepak Nathiya
6, Parjinder Kaur
7, M. Ravi Kumar
8, Karam Kadhim
9, Ahmed M. Hashim
101 Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid and University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
3 Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
4 Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
5 Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Rector, Samarkand State Medical University, 18, Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
6 Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
7 Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali 140307, Punjab, India.
8 Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, India.
9 Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq.
10 Mazaya University College, Dhiqar, Iraq.
Abstract
Cervical cancer ranks fourth in terms of diagnosis and cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Despite the approval of prophylactic vaccines against cervical cancers, these vaccines are not able to eradicate the existing ones. Therefore, various platforms have been developed to design therapeutic vaccines against cervical cancers, including DNA/RNA-based, protein/peptide-based, vector-based, and cell-based platforms. Despite the advantages of each platform, therapeutic vaccines have displayed limited clinical benefit in patients with cervical cancer, which is partially associated with inefficient delivery of vaccine components. To address these issues, different nanoplatforms have been developed to carry cellular or molecular components of vaccines to target cells and lymphoid tissues, thus promoting the durability and potency of immune responses against tumor cells and antigens besides decreasing side effects. Moreover, nanoparticles (NPs), as adjuvants and/or carriers, provide other advantages, including sufficient antigen loading and uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), adaptable antigen presentation, high immunogenicity, high stability, increased lymph node retention, and precise targeting. Thus, nanovaccines also lead us to design and develop personalized vaccines against cervical cancer. Here, we discuss platforms that have been used in clinical trials for the treatment of cervical cancer, their advantages and disadvantages, platforms for developing nanovaccines, and how they improve the therapeutic efficacy of vaccines.