Logo-apb
Adv Pharm Bull. 2018;8(1): 149-155. doi: 10.15171/apb.2018.018
PMID: 29670850        PMCID: PMC5896389

Research Article

Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots Derived from Walnut Oil and an Investigation of Their Cytotoxic and Apoptogenic Activities toward Cancer Cells

Elham Arkan 1, Ali Barati 1, Mohsen Rahmanpanah 2, Leila Hosseinzadeh 2 * , Samaneh Moradi 2, Marziyeh Hajialyani 2

Cited by CrossRef: 85


1- Naik K, Chaudhary S, Ye L, Parmar A. A Strategic Review on Carbon Quantum Dots for Cancer-Diagnostics and Treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10 [Crossref]
2- S. A, M. D, Saikia M, N. R, A. S. A review on plant derived carbon quantum dots for bio-imaging. Mater Adv. 2023;4(18):3951 [Crossref]
3- Qandeel N, El-Shaheny R, El-Masry A, Eid M, Moustafa M. Valorization of cantaloupe waste for green microwave-driven synthesis of N-self doped CQDs as a fluorescence sensor for nizatidine in urine and pharmaceuticals. A step ahead for circular economy practice. Microchemical Journal. 2024;199:110047 [Crossref]
4- Mindivan F, Göktaş M. The green synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and characterization of polycaprolactone (PCL/CQDs) films. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2023;677:132446 [Crossref]
5- Sawalha S, Abdallah S, Barham A, Badawi H, Barham Z, Ghareeb A, Misia G, Collavini S, Silvestri A, Prato M, Assali M. Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanodots from sage leaves for selective anticancer activity on 2D liver cancer cells and 3D multicellular tumor spheroids. Nanoscale Adv. 2023;5(21):5974 [Crossref]
6- Malavika J, Shobana C, Sundarraj S, Ganeshbabu M, Kumar P, Selvan R. Green synthesis of multifunctional carbon quantum dots: An approach in cancer theranostics. Biomaterials Advances. 2022;136:212756 [Crossref]
7- Chu K, Wang C, Cui X. Europium (III)‐modified sunflower‐derived carbon dots for fluorescent anti‐counterfeiting inks and photocatalysis. Luminescence. 2024;39(9) [Crossref]
8- Nishshankage K, Fernandez A, Pallewatta S, Buddhinie P, Vithanage M. Current trends in antimicrobial activities of carbon nanostructures: potentiality and status of nanobiochar in comparison to carbon dots. Biochar. 2024;6(1) [Crossref]
9- Sharanappa S, Vijaykumar S, Suresh D, Ganesha H, Ba Shbil A, Basappa M. Simultaneous synthesis of carbon quantum dots and porous carbon using one step hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2024;1300(1):012003 [Crossref]
10- Mazahir F, Sharma R, Yadav A. Bioinspired theranostic quantum dots: Paving the road to a new paradigm for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Drug Discovery Today. 2023;28(12):103822 [Crossref]
11- Tsai H, Wu T, Hsieh C, Fu S, Wu M, Lin Y. Green synthesis of gardenia seeds-based carbon dots for bacterial imaging and antioxidant activity in aqueous and oil samples. RSC Adv. 2023;13(42):29283 [Crossref]
12- Mamidi N, Delgadillo R, Sustaita A, Lozano K, Yallapu M. Current nanocomposite advances for biomedical and environmental application diversity. Medicinal Research Reviews. 2024; [Crossref]
13- M. A, John B, Chacko A, Mohan C, Mathew B. A Review on Carbon Quantum Dot Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts for the Abatement of Refractory Pollutants. ChemPhysChem. 2022;23(12) [Crossref]
14- El-brolsy H, Hanafy N, El-Kemary M. Fighting Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells Using Optimal Functionalization of Targeted Carbon Quantum Dots Derived from Natural Sources Might Provide Potential Therapeutic and Cancer Bio Image Strategies. IJMS. 2022;23(21):13283 [Crossref]
15- Caglayan M, Mindivan F, Şahin S. Sensor and Bioimaging Studies Based on Carbon Quantum Dots: The Green Chemistry Approach. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2022;52(4):814 [Crossref]
16- Almoraie N. The Effect of Walnut Flour on the Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Wheat Bread. International Journal of Food Science. 2019;2019:1 [Crossref]
17- BİNGÜL S, ÖNAL Y, GÖKBULUT İ. Geleceğin Malzemesi Olarak Doğal Biyokütlelerden Üretılen Karbon Kuantum Noktacık Ve Uygulama Alanları. EJOSAT. 2022; [Crossref]
18- Jin S, Ren Y, Cheng Y, Yang B, Kuang H, Fu Y, Lv C, Li H, Liu R, Aadil R. Variations in Oxidative Stability of Walnut Oil with Rosmarinic Acid Added under Different Ultraviolet Radiations. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2023;2023:1 [Crossref]
19- Iravani S, Varma R. Green synthesis, biomedical and biotechnological applications of carbon and graphene quantum dots. A review. Environ Chem Lett. 2020;18(3):703 [Crossref]
20- Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Iravani S, Varma R. Natural resources for sustainable synthesis of nanomaterials with anticancer applications: A move toward green nanomedicine. Environmental Research. 2023;216:114803 [Crossref]
21- Sun L, Zhang R, Zhang T, Liu X, Zhao Y, Yang M, Cheng H, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Wu X, Li B. Synthesis, applications and biosafety evaluation of carbon dots derived from herbal medicine. Biomed Mater. 2023;18(4):042004 [Crossref]
22- Varsha Raveendran P, Renuka N. Hydrothermal synthesis of biomass-derived carbon nanodots: Characterization and applications. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2022;288:126236 [Crossref]
23- Pebdeni A, Hosseini M, Ganjali M. Fluorescent Turn-on Aptasensor of Staphylococcus aureus Based on the FRET Between Green Carbon Quantum Dot and Gold Nanoparticle. Food Anal Methods. 2020;13(11):2070 [Crossref]
24- Hekmat A, Saso L, Lather V, Pandita D, Kostova I, Saboury A. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials of Group XIV Elements of Periodic Table in Breast Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(12):2640 [Crossref]
25- Suresh U, Subhadra S, Sivaramakrishnan S. Green hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dot-silver nanocomposite from Chondrococcus hornemanni (marine algae): an application of mosquitocidal, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer (MDA-MB-231 cells). Biomass Conv Bioref. 2024;14(17):21461 [Crossref]
26- Eid N, El-Seedi H, Ahmed H, Emam H. Bio-fabrication of biologically active copper nanocomposite. Heliyon. 2024;10(22):e40202 [Crossref]
27- Vibhute A, Patil T, Malavekar D, Patil S, Lee S, Tiwari A. Green Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Annona squamosa Leaves: Optical and Structural Properties with Bactericidal, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-angiogenesis Applications. J Fluoresc. 2023;33(4):1619 [Crossref]
28- Mikhail M, Ahmed H, Abdallah A, El-Shahat M, Emam H. Surface Passivation of Carbon Dots for Tunable Biological Performance. J Fluoresc. 2024; [Crossref]
29- Kumar P, Ravichandran A, Durgadevi S, Manikandan V, Song K, Prabhu D, Jeyakanthan J, Thirumurugan D, Muthusamy G. Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of CQDs from Mesosphaerum suaveolens Extract: Photocatalytic Degradation and Anticancer Activity. Waste Biomass Valor. 2024;15(11):6539 [Crossref]
30- Sonowal A, Bharali A, Saikia T, Kushari S, Lahon M, Kalita J, Biswas N, Laloo D, Sahu B. Citrus aurantifolia-derived carbon quantum dots with red fluorescence emission for codelivery with curcumin as theranostic liposomes for lung cancer. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2024;10(1) [Crossref]
31- Humaera N, Fahri A, Armynah B, Tahir D. Natural source of carbon dots from part of a plant and its applications: a review. Luminescence. 2021;36(6):1354 [Crossref]
32- Kolanowska A, Dzido G, Krzywiecki M, Tomczyk M, Łukowiec D, Ruczka S, Boncel S. Carbon Quantum Dots from Amino Acids Revisited: Survey of Renewable Precursors toward High Quantum-Yield Blue and Green Fluorescence. ACS Omega. 2022;7(45):41165 [Crossref]
33- Tejwan N, Saha S, Das J. Multifaceted applications of green carbon dots synthesized from renewable sources. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2020;275:102046 [Crossref]
34- Sharma N, Das G, Yun K. Green synthesis of multipurpose carbon quantum dots from red cabbage and estimation of their antioxidant potential and bio-labeling activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;104(16):7187 [Crossref]
35- Almahri A, Al-bonayan A, Attar R, Karkashan A, Abbas B, Al-Qahtani S, El-Metwaly N. Multifunctional Lipophobic Polymer Dots from Cyclodextrin: Antimicrobial/Anticancer Laborers and Silver Ions Chemo-Sensor. ACS Omega. 2023;8(19):16956 [Crossref]
36- Kansay V, Sharma V, Chandan G, Sharma I, Bhatia A, Chakrabarti S, Bera M. Sustainable synthesis and characterization of fluorescent nanoprobe based on unintentional heteroatom doped-carbon quantum dots for bioimaging of human neuroblastoma cancer cells and living organisms. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 2023;443:114879 [Crossref]
37- Rawat P, Nain P, Sharma S, Sharma P, Malik V, Majumder S, Verma V, Rawat V, Rhyee J. An overview of synthetic methods and applications of photoluminescence properties of carbon quantum dots. Luminescence. 2023;38(7):845 [Crossref]
38- Chahal S, Macairan J, Yousefi N, Tufenkji N, Naccache R. Green synthesis of carbon dots and their applications. RSC Adv. 2021;11(41):25354 [Crossref]
39- Wang C, Xu J, Li H, Zhao W. Alkali-assisted synthesis of gourd flesh derived tricolor F/N co-doped carbon dots for efficient degradation of organic dyes. Optical Materials. 2021;114:110950 [Crossref]
40- Khojastehnezhad A, Taghavi F, Yaghoobi E, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi S. Recent achievements and advances in optical and electrochemical aptasensing detection of ATP based on quantum dots. Talanta. 2021;235:122753 [Crossref]
41- Hatimuria M, Phukan P, Bag S, Ghosh J, Gavvala K, Pabbathi A, Das J. Green Carbon Dots: Applications in Development of Electrochemical Sensors, Assessment of Toxicity as Well as Anticancer Properties. Catalysts. 2023;13(3):537 [Crossref]
42- Manhas N, Kumar L, Adimule V. Photoluminescence and Supercapacitive Properties of Carbon Dots Nanoparticles: A Review. JMNM. 2023;37:1 [Crossref]
43- Ebrahimi Y, Rezaie J, Akbari A, Rasmi Y. Green hydrothermal synthesis of gallic acid carbon dots: characterization and cytotoxic effects on colorectal cancer cell line. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2025;11(1):015017 [Crossref]
44- Semeniuk M, Yi Z, Poursorkhabi V, Tjong J, Jaffer S, Lu Z, Sain M. Future Perspectives and Review on Organic Carbon Dots in Electronic Applications. ACS Nano. 2019;13(6):6224 [Crossref]
45- Bai X, Hou X, Ga L, Ai J. Aptamer-carbon quantum dots and silver nanoparticles construct a FRET sensor for sensitive detection of E. coli. Biomedical Analysis. 2024;1(2):162 [Crossref]
46- Sharma A, Choi H, Lee H, Selakovic D. Carbon Dots for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases: An Appraisal of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2023;2023:1 [Crossref]
47- Nair A, Haponiuk J, Thomas S, Gopi S. Natural carbon-based quantum dots and their applications in drug delivery: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2020;132:110834 [Crossref]
48- Kharangarh P, Ravindra N, Singh G, Umapathy S. Synthesis of luminescent graphene quantum dots from biomass waste materials for energy‐related applications—An overview. Energy Storage. 2023;5(3) [Crossref]
49- Parashar A, Verma K, Kumar R, Arora V. A Concise Review of Carbon Dots and their Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. RADDF. 2023;17(3):183 [Crossref]
50- Sahu V, Sahoo S. Biogenic synthesis of carbon dots with inbuilt biological activity. Next Nanotechnology. 2024;5:100034 [Crossref]
51- Naik G, Shah J, Balasubramaniam A, Sahu A. Applications of Natural Product-Derived Carbon Dots in Cancer Biology. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2021;16(7):587 [Crossref]
52- Huang Y, Zhu J, Lin X, Hong Y, Feng Y, Shen L. Potential of Fatty Oils from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Cancer Therapy: A Review for Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Studies. Am J Chin Med. 2019;47(04):727 [Crossref]
53- Zhang H, Wang H, Wang Y, Xin B. Controlled synthesis and photocatalytic performance of biocompatible uniform carbon quantum dots with microwave absorption capacity. Applied Surface Science. 2020;512:145751 [Crossref]
54- Ayiloor Rajesh G, John V, Pookunnath Santhosh A, Krishnan Nair Ambika A, Thavarool Puthiyedath V. Carbon Dots from Natural Sources for Biomedical Applications. Part & Part Syst Charact. 2022;39(9) [Crossref]
55- Arezki Y, Rapp M, Lebeau L, Ronzani C, Pons F. Cationic Carbon Nanoparticles Induce Inflammasome-Dependent Pyroptosis in Macrophages via Lysosomal Dysfunction. Front Toxicol. 2022;4 [Crossref]
56- Othman H, Anwer E, Ali D, Hassan R, Mahmood E, Ahmed R, Muhammad R, Smaoui S. Recent advances in carbon quantum dots for gene delivery: A comprehensive review. Journal Cellular Physiology. 2024;239(11) [Crossref]
57- Emam H, El-Shahat M, Allayeh A, Ahmed H. Functionalized starch for formulation of graphitic carbon nanodots as viricidal/anticancer laborers. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2023;47:102577 [Crossref]
58- Emam H, Ahmed H. Antitumor/antiviral carbon quantum dots based on carrageenan and pullulan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021;170:688 [Crossref]
59- Tungare K, Bhori M, Racherla K, Sawant S. Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility studies of carbon quantum dots from Phoenix dactylifera. 3 Biotech. 2020;10(12) [Crossref]
60- Mogharbel A, Abu-Melha S, Hameed A, M. S. Attar R, Alrefaei A, Almahri A, El-Metwaly N. Anticancer and microbicide action of carbon quantum dots derived from microcrystalline cellulose: Hydrothermal versus infrared assisted techniques. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2023;16(1):104419 [Crossref]
61- Mahle R, Kumbhakar P, Nayar D, Narayanan T, Kumar Sadasivuni K, Tiwary C, Banerjee R. Current advances in bio-fabricated quantum dots emphasising the study of mechanisms to diversify their catalytic and biomedical applications. Dalton Trans. 2021;50(40):14062 [Crossref]
62- Song H, Cong Z, Wang C, He M, Liu C, Gao P. Research progress on Walnut oil: Bioactive compounds, health benefits, extraction methods, and medicinal uses. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022;46(12) [Crossref]
63- Rimal V, Shishodia S, Srivastava P, Gupta S, Mallick A. Synthesis and characterization of Indian essential oil Carbon Dots for interdisciplinary applications. Appl Nanosci. 2021;11(4):1225 [Crossref]
64- Tarannum N, Pooja K, Singh M, Panwar A. A study on the development of C-dots via green chemistry: a state-of-the-art review. Carbon Lett. 2024;34(6):1537 [Crossref]
65- Ahmed H, El-Shahat M, Allayeh A, Emam H. Maillard reaction for nucleation of polymer quantum dots from chitosan-glucose conjugate: Antagonistic for cancer and viral diseases. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023;224:858 [Crossref]
66- Ghosal K, Ghosh S, Ghosh D, Sarkar K. Natural polysaccharide derived carbon dot based in situ facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Synergistic effect on breast cancer. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020;162:1605 [Crossref]
67- Gorle G, Gollavelli G, Nelli G, Ling Y. Green Synthesis of Blue-Emitting Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots for In Vitro CT26 and In Vivo Zebrafish Nano-Imaging as Diagnostic Probes. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(2):632 [Crossref]
68- Qandeel N, El-Masry A, Eid M, Moustafa M, El-Shaheny R. Fast one-pot microwave-assisted green synthesis of highly fluorescent plant-inspired S,N-self-doped carbon quantum dots as a sensitive probe for the antiviral drug nitazoxanide and hemoglobin. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2023;1237:340592 [Crossref]
69- Hassabo A, Ibrahim E, Ali B, Emam H. Anticancer effects of biosynthesized Cu2O nanoparticles using marine yeast. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2022;39:102261 [Crossref]
70- Wani A, Akhtar N, Mir T, Singh R, Jha P, Mallik S, Sinha S, Tripathi S, Jain A, Jha A, Devkota H, Prakash A. Targeting Apoptotic Pathway of Cancer Cells with Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Nanomaterials. Biomolecules. 2023;13(2):194 [Crossref]
71- Ikram Z, Azmat E, Perviaz M. Degradation Efficiency of Organic Dyes on CQDs As Photocatalysts: A Review. ACS Omega. 2024;9(9):10017 [Crossref]
72- Alam M, Minocha T, Yadav S, Parmar A. Therapeutic Potential of Chlorophyll Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots against Cervical Cancer. ChemistrySelect. 2022;7(48) [Crossref]
73- Jing H, Shati A, Alfaifi M, Elbehairi S, Sasidharan S. The future of plant based green carbon dots as cancer Nanomedicine: From current progress to future Perspectives and beyond. Journal of Advanced Research. 2025;67:133 [Crossref]
74- Abbasi A, Bhat Z, Khan S, Owais M, Shakir M. Unveiling the multifaceted applications of pamoic acid carbon dots (PACDs) in sensing and oncology. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2024;319:124564 [Crossref]
75- Malavika J, Shobana C, Ragupathi M, Kumar P, Lee Y, Govarthanan M, Selvan R. A sustainable green synthesis of functionalized biocompatible carbon quantum dots from Aloe barbadensis Miller and its multifunctional applications. Environmental Research. 2021;200:111414 [Crossref]
76- Rezaei M, Hekmat A, Chamani J, Sadri K, Darroudi M. Synthesis of carbon quantum dots from Trigonella foenum-graecum L seeds and their biodistribution in mice as an inorganic isotope label. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2024;160:111937 [Crossref]
77- Al-Anazi M. Gold versus platinum for chemical modification of carbon quantum dots from carboxymethyl cellulose: Tunable biomedical performance. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2024;261:129830 [Crossref]
78- Song S, Han L, Chen M, Pan L, Tu K. Recent Progress in Nanomaterial-Based Fluorescence Assays for the Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens. Sensors. 2024;24(23):7715 [Crossref]