Mini Review
The Impact of Variables on Particle Size of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers; A Comparative Literature Review
Leila Azhar Shekoufeh Bahari 1,2, Hamed Hamishehkar 2 *
Cited by CrossRef: 166
1- Costa K, Barros R, Jorge E, Sato M, Chorilli M, de Lima Damasceno B, Nicholas D, Callan J, Oshiro Junior J. Doxorubicin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers functionalized with folic acid against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. J Nanopart Res. 2023;25(4) [Crossref]
2- Játiva P, Ceña V. Use of Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Treatment: a New Approach. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2017;12(20):2533 [Crossref]
3- Sulthana A, Raguvaran K, Prabu P, Mani R, Sundaramoorthi C, Padarthi P, Ragavendran C, Manimegalai T, Elangovan N. Design, preparation, and in vitro characterizations of chitosan-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: a promising drug delivery system. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2024;14(20):26459 [Crossref]
4- Mirzavi F, Barati M, Vakili-Ghartavol R, Roshan M, Mashreghi M, Soukhtanloo M, Jaafari M. Pegylated liposomal encapsulation improves the antitumor efficacy of combretastatin A4 in murine 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer model. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2022;613:121396 [Crossref]
5- Homayouni Tabrizi M, Soltani M, Es-haghi A. Preparation and characterization of the farnesiferol C-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles decorated with folic acid-bound chitosan and evaluation of its in vitro anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2023;382:121908 [Crossref]
6- Bicak B, Budama-Kilinc Y, Kecel-Gunduz S, Zorlud T, Akman G. Peptide based nano-drug candidate for cancer treatment: Preparation, characterization, in vitro and in silico evaluation. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2021;1240:130573 [Crossref]
7- Hossain S, Zainal Abidin S, Chowdhury E. Krebs Cycle Intermediate-Modified Carbonate Apatite Nanoparticles Drastically Reduce Mouse Tumor Burden and Toxicity by Restricting Broad Tissue Distribution of Anticancer Drugs. Cancers. 2020;12(1):161 [Crossref]
8- Czerwińska M, Fracasso G, Pruszyński M, Bilewicz A, Kruszewski M, Majkowska-Pilip A, Lankoff A. Design and Evaluation of 223Ra-Labeled and Anti-PSMA Targeted NaA Nanozeolites for Prostate Cancer Therapy–Part I. Materials. 2020;13(17):3875 [Crossref]
9- Khan A, ud Din F, Ali Z, Bibi M, Zahid F, Zeb A, Zeb M, Khan G. Development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of miltefosine loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for the treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021;593:120109 [Crossref]
10- Maretti E, Molinari S, Battini R, Rustichelli C, Truzzi E, Iannuccelli V, Leo E. Design, Characterization, and In Vitro Assays on Muscle Cells of Endocannabinoid-like Molecule Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for a Therapeutic Anti-Inflammatory Approach to Sarcopenia. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(3):648 [Crossref]
11- Shehata M, Ismail A, Kamel M. Nose to Brain Delivery of Astaxanthin–Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease: Preparation, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation. IJN. 2023;Volume 18:1631 [Crossref]
12- Horta M, Soares P, Sarmento B, Leite Pereira C, Lima R. Nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced batimastat delivery across the blood–brain barrier: an in vitro study for glioblastoma treatment. Drug Deliv and Transl Res. 2025; [Crossref]
13- Maslachah L, Purwitasari N. Antimalarial Activity of Nano Phytomedicine Fraction of Syzygium cumini Fruit in Rodent Malaria. RJPT. 2023;:4288 [Crossref]
14- Zewail M, F.Asaad G, Swellam S, Abd-allah S, K.Hosny S, Sallah S, E.Eissa J, S.Mohamed S, El-Dakroury W. Design, characterization and in vivo performance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)-loaded mucoadhesive buccal tablets for efficient delivery of Lornoxicam in experimental inflammation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2022;624:122006 [Crossref]
15- Saadi S, Nacer N, Chenaker H, Ariffin A, Ghazali H, Saari N, Mohammed A, Anwar F, Hamid A. A review on trends in microencapsulation of bioactive compounds: coating materials, design, and applications. Eur Food Res Technol. 2023;249(12):3123 [Crossref]
16- Zaid Alkilani A, Alkhaldi R, Basheer H, Amro B, Alhusban M. Fabrication of Thymoquinone and Ascorbic Acid-Loaded Spanlastics Gel for Hyperpigmentation: In Vitro Release, Cytotoxicity, and Skin Permeation Studies. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):48 [Crossref]
17- Radić K, Barbosa A, Reis S, Marijan M, Lima S, Čepo D. Preparation of astaxanthin/zeaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced bioavailability: Characterization-, stability-and permeability study. 2023;73(4):581 [Crossref]
18- Rocha J, Pires F, Gratieri T, Gelfuso G, Sa-Barreto L, Cunha-Filho M. Thermal analysis applied to the development of nanostructured lipid carriers loading propranolol using quality-by-design strategies. Thermochimica Acta. 2022;708:179143 [Crossref]
19- Askarizadeh A, Mashreghi M, Mirhadi E, Mirzavi F, Shargh V, Badiee A, Alavizadeh S, Arabi L, Jaafari M. Doxorubicin-loaded liposomes surface engineered with the matrix metalloproteinase-2 cleavable polyethylene glycol conjugate for cancer therapy. Cancer Nano. 2023;14(1) [Crossref]
20- Danaei M, Dehghankhold M, Ataei S, Hasanzadeh Davarani F, Javanmard R, Dokhani A, Khorasani S, Mozafari M. Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(2):57 [Crossref]
21- Pareek A, Kapoor D, Yadav S, Rashid S, Fareed M, Akhter M, Muteeb G, Gupta M, Prajapati B. Advancing lipid nanoparticles: A pioneering technology in cosmetic and dermatological treatments. Colloid and Interface Science Communications. 2025;64:100814 [Crossref]
22- Lakhani P, Patil A, Wu K, Sweeney C, Tripathi S, Avula B, Taskar P, Khan S, Majumdar S. Optimization, stabilization, and characterization of amphotericin B loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for ocular drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019;572:118771 [Crossref]
23- Lu Y, Pan X, Nie Q, Zhou Z, Dai X, Liu O. Administration methods of lipid-based nanoparticle delivery systems for cancer treatment. Biomater Sci. 2023;11(11):3800 [Crossref]
24- Aparecida Stahl M, Luisa Lüdtke F, Grimaldi R, Lúcia Gigante M, Paula Badan Ribeiro A. “Characterization and stability of α-tocopherol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles formulated with different fully hydrogenated vegetable oils”. Food Chemistry. 2024;439:138149 [Crossref]
25- Mazonde P, Khamanga S, Walker R. Design, Optimization, Manufacture and Characterization of Efavirenz-Loaded Flaxseed Oil Nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(9):797 [Crossref]
26- Aravindan A, Gupta A, Moorkoth S, Dhas N. Implications of nanotherapeutic advancements to leverage multi-drug resistant breast cancer: The state-of-the-art review. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2024;100:106007 [Crossref]
27- Sahraee S, Ghanbarzadeh B, Ghanbarzadeh M, Pezeshki A, hoseini M. Development of heat-stable gelatin-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): Colloidal and stability properties. LWT. 2022;160:113265 [Crossref]
28- Xu W, Deng Z, Xiang Y, Zhu D, Yi D, Mo Y, Liu Y, Qin L, Huang L, Wan B, Wu L, Feng X, He J. Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Tolfenamic Acid-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(9):1929 [Crossref]
29- Gomes Daré R, Beatriz Chieco Costa A, Silva Martins T, Lopes L. Simvastatin and adenosine-co-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for wound healing: Development, characterization and cell-based investigation. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2024;205:114533 [Crossref]
30- Malek S, Jaafari M, Mahmoudi A, Mohammadi M, Malaekeh-Nikouei B. Smart release injectable hydrogel co-loaded with liposomal combretastatin A4 and doxorubicin nanogel for local combinational drug delivery: A preclinical study. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2025;671:125213 [Crossref]
31- Haider M, Elsherbeny A, Jagal J, Hubatová-Vacková A, Saad Ahmed I. Optimization and Evaluation of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Efficacy of Paclitaxel in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(9):828 [Crossref]
32- Kharouba M, El-Kamel A, Mehanna R, Thabet E, Heikal L. Pitavastatin-loaded bilosomes for oral treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a repurposing approach. Drug Delivery. 2022;29(1):2925 [Crossref]
33- Vakili-Ghartavol M, Arouiee H, Golmohammadzadeh S, Naseri M. Improving antifungal effect of peppermint essential oil. Acta Sci Pol Hortorum Cultus. 2024;23(2):29 [Crossref]
34- Ali Z, Din F, Zahid F, Sohail S, Imran B, Khan S, Malik M, Zeb A, Khan G. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Transdermal delivery of allopurinol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in the treatment of gout. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2022;23(1) [Crossref]
35- Ajala T, Abraham A, Keck C, Odeku O, Elufioye T, Olopade J. Shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) and Pentaclethra macrophylla oil as lipids in the formulation of Nanostructured lipid carriers. Scientific African. 2021;13:e00965 [Crossref]
36- Bonilla-Vidal L, Świtalska M, Espina M, Wietrzyk J, García M, Souto E, Gliszczyńska A, Sánchez López E. Dually Active Apigenin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Cancer Treatment. IJN. 2023;Volume 18:6979 [Crossref]
37- Zhao Y, Li L, Zhou E, Wang J, Wang Y, Guo L, Zhang X. Lipid-Based Nanocarrier Systems for Drug Delivery: Advances and Applications. Pharmaceutical Fronts. 2022;04(02):e43 [Crossref]
38- Lee J, Koo Y, Cho H, Cha H, Shin D, Oh T, Lee S. Cysteine-loaded pH-responsive liposome/gold nanoparticles as a time-temperature indicator with instantaneous color change. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 2021;73:102794 [Crossref]
39- Oner E, Kotmakci M, Kantarci A. A promising approach to develop nanostructured lipid carriers from solid lipid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, cytotoxicity and nucleic acid binding ability. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2020;25(8):936 [Crossref]
40- Peng F, Jin Y, Wang K, Wang X, Xiao Y, Xu H. Glycosylated Zein Composite Nanoparticles for Efficient Delivery of Betulinic Acid: Fabrication, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Properties. Foods. 2022;11(17):2589 [Crossref]
41- Alkufi H, Kassab H. Nanospanlastic in situ Gel for Nose to Brain Delivery of Nimodipine: In vitro Optimization and in vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci. 2025;8(1):97 [Crossref]
42- Hoseini B, Jaafari M, Golabpour A, Momtazi-Borojeni A, Karimi M, Eslami S. Application of ensemble machine learning approach to assess the factors affecting size and polydispersity index of liposomal nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1) [Crossref]
43- Masiiwa W, Gadaga L. Intestinal Permeability of Artesunate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Using the Everted Gut Method. Journal of Drug Delivery. 2018;2018:1 [Crossref]
44- Jeong S, Jang J, Cho H, Lee Y. Soft- and hard-lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to lymphatic drug delivery. Arch Pharm Res. 2018;41(8):797 [Crossref]
45- Silva F, Marques M, Yoshida M, Mussel W, Silveira J, Barroso P, Kato K, Martins H, Carneiro G. Encapsulation of benznidazole in nanostructured lipid carriers and increased trypanocidal activity in a resistant Trypanosoma cruzi strain. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2023;59 [Crossref]
46- Vogelaar A, Marcotte S, Cheng J, Oluoch B, Zaro J. Use of Microfluidics to Prepare Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(4):1053 [Crossref]
47- Alshaer W, Nsairat H, Lafi Z, Hourani O, Al-Kadash A, Esawi E, Alkilany A. Quality by Design Approach in Liposomal Formulations: Robust Product Development. Molecules. 2022;28(1):10 [Crossref]
48- Mohammadabadi M, Mozafari M. Enhanced efficacy and bioavailability of thymoquinone using nanoliposomal dosage form. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2018;47:445 [Crossref]
49- Subroto E, Andoyo R, Indiarto R. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Review of the Current Research on Encapsulation and Delivery Systems for Active and Antioxidant Compounds. Antioxidants. 2023;12(3):633 [Crossref]
50- Alluhaim W, Alkhulaifi M, Alzahrani R, Alrfaei B, Yassin A, Alghoribi M, Alsaadi A, Al-Asmari A, Al-Fahad A, Ali R, Alhawiti N, Halwani M. Effectiveness of a Novel Liposomal Methylglyoxal–Tobramycin Formulation in Reducing Biofilm Formation and Bacterial Adhesion. Antibiotics. 2024;14(1):3 [Crossref]
51- Lebreton V, Kaeokhamloed N, Vasylaki A, Hilairet G, Mellinger A, Béjaud J, Saulnier P, Lagarce F, Gattacceca F, Legeay S, Roger E. Pharmacokinetics of intact lipid nanocapsules using new quantitative FRET technique. Journal of Controlled Release. 2022;351:681 [Crossref]
52- Villar M, Vidallon M, Rodriguez E. Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Bioactive Rice Bran Gamma-Oryzanol. SSRN Journal. 2022; [Crossref]
53- Mahmoudian M, Maleki Dizaj S, Salatin S, Löbenberg R, Saadat M, Islambulchilar Z, Valizadeh H, Zakeri-Milani P. Oral delivery of solid lipid nanoparticles: underlining the physicochemical characteristics and physiological condition affecting the lipolysis rate. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2021;18(11):1707 [Crossref]
54- Xu R, Tomeh M, Ye S, Zhang P, Lv S, You R, Wang N, Zhao X. Novel microfluidic swirl mixers for scalable formulation of curcumin loaded liposomes for cancer therapy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2022;622:121857 [Crossref]
55- Jounaki K, Makhmalzadeh B, Feghhi M, Heidarian A. Topical ocular delivery of vancomycin loaded cationic lipid nanocarriers as a promising and non-invasive alternative approach to intravitreal injection for enhanced bacterial endophthalmitis management. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021;167:105991 [Crossref]
56- Kumari K, Singh H, Sampath M. Enhanced amoxicillin delivery via artificial intelligence (AI)-based optimized lipid nanoparticles for Helicobacter pylori. Biologia. 2024;80(1):133 [Crossref]
57- Passeri E, Bun P, Elkhoury K, Linder M, Malaplate C, Yen F, Arab-Tehrany E. Transfer Phenomena of Nanoliposomes by Live Imaging of Primary Cultures of Cortical Neurons. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(10):2172 [Crossref]
58- Shaw I, Boafo G, Ali Y, Liu Y, Mlambo R, Tan S, Chen C. Advancements and prospects of lipid-based nanoparticles: dual frontiers in cancer treatment and vaccine development. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2024;41(3):226 [Crossref]
59- Saghafi Z, Mohammadi M, Mahboobian M, Derakhshandeh K. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of perphenazine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability improvement. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2021;47(3):509 [Crossref]
60- Morani D, Patil P. Review on Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics for Drug Delivery, Tumor
Imaging, and Selective Tumor Targeting by Hyaluronic Acid Coupled
Graphene Quantum Dots. CNANO. 2024;20(1):89 [Crossref]
61- Luo X, Saleem A, Shafique U, Sarwar S, Ullah K, Imran M, Zeb A, Din F. Rivaroxaban-loaded SLNs with treatment potential of deep vein thrombosis: in-vitro, in-vivo, and toxicity evaluation. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2023;28(7):625 [Crossref]
62- Inês Teixeira M, Lopes C, Gonçalves H, Catita J, Margarida Silva A, Rodrigues F, Helena Amaral M, Costa P. Riluzole-loaded lipid nanoparticles for brain delivery: Preparation, optimization and characterization. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2023;388:122749 [Crossref]
63- Moulahoum H, Ghorbanizamani F, Timur S. Paper-based lateral flow assay using rhodamine B–loaded polymersomes for the colorimetric determination of synthetic cannabinoids in saliva. Microchim Acta. 2021;188(11) [Crossref]
64- Felimban R, Tayeb H, Chaudhary A, Felemban M, Alnadwi F, Ali S, Alblowi J, ALfayez E, Bukhary D, Alissa M, Qahl S.
Utilization of a nanostructured lipid carrier encapsulating pitavastatin–
Pinus densiflora
oil for enhancing cytotoxicity against the gingival carcinoma HGF-1 cell line
. Drug Delivery. 2023;30(1):83 [Crossref]
65- Vergara D, Sanhueza C, Méndez S, Bustamante M, Vega B, Acevedo F, López O. Evaluation of Preclinical Efficacy of Curcumin-Loaded Bicosome Systems in Amelioration of Oral Mucositis. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(2):181 [Crossref]
66- Montenegro L, Parenti C, Turnaturi R, Pasquinucci L. Resveratrol-Loaded Lipid Nanocarriers: Correlation between In Vitro Occlusion Factor and In Vivo Skin Hydrating Effect. Pharmaceutics. 2017;9(4):58 [Crossref]
67- Seo Y, Lim H, Park H, Yu J, An J, Yoo H, Lee T. Recent Progress of Lipid Nanoparticles-Based Lipophilic Drug Delivery: Focus on Surface Modifications. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(3):772 [Crossref]
68- El-Housiny S, Shams Eldeen M, El-Attar Y, Salem H, Attia D, Bendas E, El-Nabarawi M. Fluconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles topical gel for treatment of pityriasis versicolor: formulation and clinical study. Drug Delivery. 2018;25(1):78 [Crossref]
69- Lemasson O, Briançon S, Bourgeaux V, Guichard M, Valour J, Moret G, Bourgeois S. Are Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) better than Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) for delivering abiraterone acetate through the gastrointestinal tract?. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2024;667:124869 [Crossref]
70- Chu C, Tan C, Nyam K. Development of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using Pumpkin and Kenaf Seed Oils with Potential Photoprotective and Antioxidative Properties. Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech. 2019;121(10) [Crossref]
71- Khatamian N, Motavalizadehkakhky A, Homayouni Tabrizi M, Mehrzad J, Zhiani R. Preparation and characterization of the myricetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles decorated with folic acid-bound chitosan and evaluation of its antitumor and anti-angiogenic activities in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing tumor models. Cancer Nano. 2023;14(1) [Crossref]
72- Tereshkina Y, Torkhovskaya T, Tikhonova E, Kostryukova L, Sanzhakov M, Korotkevich E, Khudoklinova Y, Orlova N, Kolesanova E. Nanoliposomes as drug delivery systems: safety concerns. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2022;30(3):313 [Crossref]
73- Zingale E, Rizzo S, Bonaccorso A, Consoli V, Vanella L, Musumeci T, Spadaro A, Pignatello R. Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticles by Response Surface Methodology to Improve the Ocular Delivery of Diosmin: Characterization and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Assessment. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(9):1961 [Crossref]
74- Xu F, Xu S, Yang L, Qu A, Li D, Yu M, Wu Y, Zheng S, Ruan X, Wang Q. Preparing a Phytosome for Promoting Delivery Efficiency and Biological Activities of Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Dendropanax morbifera Adventitious Root Extract (DMARE). Biomolecules. 2024;14(10):1273 [Crossref]
75- Emzhik M, Qaribnejad A, Haeri A, Dadashzadeh S. Bile salt-enriched vs. non-enriched nanoparticles: comparison of their physicochemical characteristics and release pattern. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2024;29(3):187 [Crossref]
76- Schuh L, Salgado L, Piau T, Silveira A, Leal C, Romera L, Radicchi M, Santos M, Falcao L, Grisolia C, Gris E, Muehlmann L, Báo S, Mello V. Integrating Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: An Industrial Look. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17(7):855 [Crossref]
77- Cheng J, Jian L, Chen Z, Li Z, Yu Y, Wu Y. In Vivo Delivery Processes and Development Strategies of Lipid Nanoparticles. ChemBioChem. 2024;25(24) [Crossref]
78- Ahmed O, Fahmy U, Bakhaidar R, El-Moselhy M, Alfaleh M, Ahmed A, Hammad A, Aldawsari H, Alhakamy N. Pumpkin Oil–Based Nanostructured Lipid Carrier System for Antiulcer Effect in NSAID-Induced Gastric Ulcer Model in Rats
. IJN. 2020;Volume 15:2529 [Crossref]
79- Chin B, Meng Lim W, Almurisi S, Madheswaran T. A quality-by-design approach to develop abemaciclib solid lipid nanoparticles for targeting breast cancer cell lines. Therapeutic Delivery. 2025;16(2):123 [Crossref]
80- Niroumand U, Motazedian M, Ahmadi F, Asgari Q, Bahreini M, Ghasemiyeh P, Mohammadi-Samani S. Preparation and characterization of artemether-loaded niosomes in Leishmania major-induced cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1) [Crossref]
81- Publisher’s note. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2017;160:265 [Crossref]
82- Wanczinski Ferrari B, Pelegrini B, Bassi da Silva J, Neves Pereira O, Miriam de Souza Lima M, Bruschi M, Bazotte R. Formulation and in vivo study of the solid effervescent system as a new strategy for oral glutamine delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2021;63:102516 [Crossref]
83- Erawati T, Hariyadi D, Rosita N, Purwanti T. Comparison of the Release rate, Penetration and Physical stability of
p-Methoxycinamic acid (PMCA) in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) and Nanoemulsion (NE) systems. RJPT. 2021;:5719 [Crossref]
84- AL-Haj W, Nsairat H, El-Tanani M. Pimozide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: Repurposing strategy against lung cancer. Science Progress. 2024;107(4) [Crossref]
85- Metwally M, El-Zawahry E, Ali M, Ibrahim D, Sabry S, Sarhan O. Development and assessment of nano drug delivery systems for combined delivery of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2024;28(3):275 [Crossref]
86- Atapour-Mashhad H, Nejabat M, Hadizadeh F, Hoseinsalari A, Golmohammadzadeh S. Preparation, Characterization, and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Novel
Coenzyme Q10 Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. CPD. 2023;29(27):2177 [Crossref]
87- Hoseini B, Jaafari M, Golabpour A, Momtazi-Borojeni A, Eslami S. Optimizing nanoliposomal formulations: Assessing factors affecting entrapment efficiency of curcumin-loaded liposomes using machine learning. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2023;646:123414 [Crossref]
88- Rossato A, Silveira L, Oliveira P, Souza T, Becker A, Wagner R, Klein B, Filho W, Santos R, Souza D, Baldissera M, Sagrillo M. Safety profile, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of a nanostructured lipid carrier containing oil and butter from Astrocaryum vulgare: in vitro studies. Int J Innov Educ Res. 2021;9(5):478 [Crossref]
89- Adekiya T, Kumar P, Kondiah P, Choonara Y. In Vivo Evaluation of an Antibody-Functionalized Lipoidal Nanosystem for Schistosomiasis Intervention. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(8):1531 [Crossref]
90- Houacine C, Adams D, Singh K. Impact of liquid lipid on development and stability of trimyristin nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of resveratrol. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2020;316:113734 [Crossref]
91- Maqsood S, Din F, Khan S, Elahi E, Ali Z, Jamshaid H, Zeb A, Nadeem T, Ahmed W, Khan S, Choi H. Levosulpiride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for brain delivery with antipsychotic and antidepressant effects. Life Sciences. 2022;311:121198 [Crossref]
92- Tsai M, Megat Abdul Wahab R, Zainal Ariffin S, Azmi F, Yazid F. Enhanced Osteogenesis Potential of MG-63 Cells through Sustained Delivery of VEGF via Liposomal Hydrogel. Gels. 2023;9(7):562 [Crossref]
93- Wang S, Liu Z, Wang W, You H. Fate and transformation of nanoparticles (NPs) in municipal wastewater treatment systems and effects of NPs on the biological treatment of wastewater: a review. RSC Adv. 2017;7(59):37065 [Crossref]
94- Rouco H, Diaz-Rodriguez P, Rama-Molinos S, Remuñán-López C, Landin M. Delimiting the knowledge space and the design space of nanostructured lipid carriers through Artificial Intelligence tools. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2018;553(1-2):522 [Crossref]
95- Colaco V, Roy A, Naik G, Mondal A, Mutalik S, Dhas N. Advancement in lipid-based nanocomposites for theranostic applications in lung carcinoma treatment. OpenNano. 2024;15:100199 [Crossref]
96- Bustos Araya M, Nardi-Ricart A, Calpena Capmany A, Miñarro Carmona M. Chondroitin Sulfate for Cartilage Regeneration, Administered Topically Using a Nanostructured Formulation. IJMS. 2024;25(18):10023 [Crossref]
97- Hegazy D, Tag R, Habib B. Statistical Sequential Experimentation: Preliminary Mixed Factorial Design, I-Optimal Mixture Design Then Finally Novel Design Space Expansion for Optimization of Tazarotene Cubosomes. IJN. 2022;Volume 17:1069 [Crossref]
98- Kou P, Levy E, Nguyen A, Zhang D, Chen S, Cui Y, Zhang X, Broccatelli F, Pizzano J, Cantley J, Bortolon E, Rousseau E, Berlin M, Dragovich P, Sethuraman V. Development of Liposome Systems for Enhancing the PK Properties of Bivalent PROTACs. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(8):2098 [Crossref]
99- Talele P, Jadhav A, Tayade S, Sahu S, Sharma K, Shimpi N. Hydroquinone loaded solid lipid nanoparticles comprised of stearic acid and ionic emulsifiers: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro release study. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2022;368:120590 [Crossref]
100- El-Gizawy S, El-Maghraby G, Hedaya A. Formulation of acyclovir-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: design, optimization, and in-vitro characterization. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2019;24(10):1287 [Crossref]
101- Barroso L, Viegas C, Vieira J, Ferreira-Pêgo C, Costa J, Fonte P. Lipid-based carriers for food ingredients delivery. Journal of Food Engineering. 2021;295:110451 [Crossref]
102- Lin H, Cheng W, Chen L, Ho H, Lin S, Hsieh C. Honokiol/Magnolol-Loaded Self-Assembling Lecithin-Based Mixed Polymeric Micelles (lbMPMs) for Improving Solubility to Enhance Oral Bioavailability. IJN. 2021;Volume 16:651 [Crossref]
103- Ammar H, Ghorab M, Mostafa D, Abd El-Alim S, Kassem A, Salah S, Shalaby E. Development of folic acid–loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery: preparation, characterisation and ex vivo investigation. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2020;37(5):366 [Crossref]
104- Narváez-Narváez D, Duarte-Ruiz M, Jiménez-Lozano S, Moreno-Castro C, Vargas R, Nardi-Ricart A, García-Montoya E, Pérez-Lozano P, Suñé-Negre J, Hernández-Munain C, Suñé C, Suñé-Pou M. Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Freeze-Dried PEGylated Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(11):1583 [Crossref]
105- Operti M, Dölen Y, Keulen J, van Dinther E, Figdor C, Tagit O. Microfluidics-Assisted Size Tuning and Biological Evaluation of PLGA Particles. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(11):590 [Crossref]
106- Liu X, Kong X, Xu L, Su Y, Xu S, Pang X, Wang R, Ma Y, Tian Q, Han L. Synergistic therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 modified minoxidil transfersomes (MXD-Rg3@TFs) on androgenic alopecia in C57BL/6 mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2024;654:123963 [Crossref]
107- Arif S, Zaman S, Khan M, Tabish T, Sohail M, Arshad R, Kim J, Zeb A. Augmented Oral Bioavailability and Prokinetic Activity of Levosulpiride Delivered in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(11):2347 [Crossref]
108- Samir B, El-Kamel A, Zahran N, Heikal L. Resveratrol-loaded invasome gel: A promising nanoformulation for treatment of skin cancer. Drug Deliv and Transl Res. 2024;14(12):3354 [Crossref]
109- Niamprem P, Srinivas S, Tiyaboonchai W. Penetration of Nile red-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) across the porcine cornea. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2019;176:371 [Crossref]
110- Chiprikar P, Mastiholimath V, Balekundri A. HP-TLC Method Development of Cariprazine Hydrochloride for Applicative Quantification of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Chemistry Africa. 2024;7(1):141 [Crossref]
111- Czajkowska-Kośnik A, Szekalska M, Winnicka K. Nanostructured lipid carriers: A potential use for skin drug delivery systems. Pharmacological Reports. 2019;71(1):156 [Crossref]
112- Mirahadi M, Ghanbarzadeh S, Ghorbani M, Gholizadeh A, Hamishehkar H. A Review on the Role of lipid-based Nanoparticles in Medical Diagnosis and Imaging. Ther Deliv. 2018;9(8):557 [Crossref]
113- Razavi M, Ebrahimnejad P, Fatahi Y, D’Emanuele A, Dinarvand R. Recent Developments of Nanostructures for the Ocular Delivery of Natural Compounds. Front Chem. 2022;10 [Crossref]
114- Chaturvedi S, Garg A. A comprehensive review on novel delivery approaches for exemestane. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2022;75:103655 [Crossref]
115- Patel H, Vasandia A, Jha R, Desai B, Desai D, Dedhiya P, Vyas B, Maulvi F. Intranasal delivery of doxepin: enhancing brain targeting efficiency utilizing nanostructured lipid carriers for a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system class-I drug. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2024;29(6):639 [Crossref]
116- Hosny K, Bahmdan R, Alhakamy N, Alfaleh M, Ahmed O, Elkomy M. Physically Optimized Nano-Lipid Carriers Augment Raloxifene and Vitamin D Oral Bioavailability in Healthy Humans for Management of Osteoporosis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;109(7):2145 [Crossref]
117- Montenegro L, Pasquinucci L, Zappalà A, Chiechio S, Turnaturi R, Parenti C. Rosemary Essential Oil-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles: In Vivo Topical Activity from Gel Vehicles. Pharmaceutics. 2017;9(4):48 [Crossref]
118- de Souza I, Saez V, de Campos V, Mansur C. Size and Vitamin E Release of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Different Liquid Lipids, Surfactants and Preparation Methods. Macromolecular Symposia. 2019;383(1) [Crossref]
119- Dawoud M, Fayez A, Mohamed R, Sweed N. Optimization of nanovesicular carriers of a poorly soluble drug using factorial design methodology and artificial neural network by applying quality by design approach. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2021;26(10):1035 [Crossref]
120- Sabir F, Katona G, Ismail R, Sipos B, Ambrus R, Csóka I. Development and Characterization of n-Propyl Gallate Encapsulated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles-Loaded Hydrogel for Intranasal Delivery. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(7):696 [Crossref]
121- Nishshankage K, Buddhinie P, Ezzat A, Zhang X, Vithanage M. Antifungal efficacy of biogenic waste derived colloidal/nanobiochar against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. Environmental Research. 2024;241:117621 [Crossref]
122- Sun Y, Zhang J, Bo R, Ou N, Gu P, Liu Z, Hu Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Wang D. Polysaccharides of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: Optimization on conditions by RSM and immunological activity in vitro. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2018;44:305 [Crossref]
123- Reczyńska-Kolman K, Ochońska D, Brzychczy-Włoch M, Pamuła E. Stearic acid-based nanoparticles loaded with antibacterial peptides – Bacitracin and LL-37: Selection of manufacturing parameters, cytocompatibility, and antibacterial efficacy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2024;667:124876 [Crossref]
124- Al-Maghrabi P, Khafagy E, Ghorab M, Gad S. Influence of formulation variables on miconazole nitrate–loaded lipid based nanocarrier for topical delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2020;193:111046 [Crossref]
125- Jamroży M, Kudłacik-Kramarczyk S, Drabczyk A, Krzan M. Advanced Drug Carriers: A Review of Selected Protein, Polysaccharide, and Lipid Drug Delivery Platforms. IJMS. 2024;25(2):786 [Crossref]
126- Abosabaa S, Arafa M, ElMeshad A. Drug delivery systems integrated with conventional and advanced treatment approaches toward cellulite reduction. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020;60:102084 [Crossref]
127- Yu S, Zhou Y, Zhao C, Liu H, Xue Z, Xing J. Rapid fabrication of monodisperse PMMA microspheres through dispersion photopolymerization under green LED irradiation. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 2023;188:105594 [Crossref]
128- Zhao Y, Liu C, Chen H, Zhou H, Yu S, Mi D, Yue S, Qiao W. Synthesis of asymmetrically dihydrophobic chain poly(ethylene glycol) lipids for long circulation and membrane fusion. J Surfact & Detergents. 2022;25(5):643 [Crossref]
129- Raza H, Shah S, Ali Z, Khan A, Rajput I, Farid A, Mohaini M, Alsalman A, Al Hawaj M, Mahmood S, Hussain A, Shah K. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Fluocinolone Acetonide–Acitretin-Coloaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis. Gels. 2022;8(11):746 [Crossref]
130- Khan I, Sabu M, Hussein N, Omer H, Houacine C, Khan W, Elhissi A, Yousaf S. Trans-resveratrol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier formulations for pulmonary drug delivery using medical nebulizers. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2025;:103713 [Crossref]
131- Fawad M, Ali Z, Zahid F, Alamri A, Fatease A, Lahiq A, Asiri A, Din F. Fabrication of oral sustained release capecitabine loaded nanostructured lipid carriers with improved bioavailability and prolonged anticancer effects. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2025;421:126852 [Crossref]
132- Ali H, Namazi N, Elbadawy H, El-Sayed A, Ahmed S, Bafail R, Almikhlafi M, Alahmadi Y. Repaglinide–Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Chitosan Patches for Transdermal Application: Box–Behnken Design, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation. IJN. 2024;Volume 19:209 [Crossref]
133- Chaiyana W, Anuchapreeda S, Somwongin S, Marsup P, Lee K, Lin W, Lue S. Dermal Delivery Enhancement of Natural Anti-Ageing Compounds from Ocimum sanctum Linn. Extract by Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(4):309 [Crossref]
134- Bors L, Erdő F. Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier. Challenges and Tricks for CNS Drug Delivery. Sci Pharm. 2019;87(1):6 [Crossref]
135- Patil K, Gujarathi N, Sharma C, Ojha S, Goyal S, Agrawal Y. Quality-by-Design-Driven Nanostructured Lipid Scaffold of Apixaban: Optimization, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(7):910 [Crossref]
136- Mohammed M, Ibrahim U, Aljoundi A, Omolo C, Devnarain N, Gafar M, Mocktar C, Govender T. Enzyme-responsive biomimetic solid lipid nanoparticles for antibiotic delivery against hyaluronidase-secreting bacteria. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2023;640:122967 [Crossref]
137- Yun Y, An J, Kim H, Choi H, Cho H. Recent advances in functional lipid-based nanomedicines as drug carriers for organ-specific delivery. Nanoscale. 2025;17(13):7617 [Crossref]
138- Francis J, Skakic I, Dekiwadia C, Shukla R, Taki A, Walduck A, Smooker P. Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Carrier Platform Containing Synthetic TLR4 Agonist Mediates Non-Viral DNA Vaccine Delivery. Vaccines. 2020;8(3):551 [Crossref]
139- Sahoo L, Jena G, Patro C, Patro C, Meher N. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Transdermal Patch Loaded with Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Bioavailability Enhancement of Dolutegravir Sodium Using Taguchi and Box-Behnken Design. BioNanoSci. 2023;13(3):1213 [Crossref]
140- Gunawan M, Boonkanokwong V. Current applications of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as vehicles in oral delivery systems for antioxidant nutraceuticals: A review. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2024;233:113608 [Crossref]
141- Xing J, Liu D, Zhou G, Li Y, Wang P, Hu K, Gu N, Ji M. Liposomally formulated phospholipid-conjugated novel near-infrared fluorescence probe for particle size effect on cellular uptake and biodistribution in vivo. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2018;161:588 [Crossref]
142- Ding S, Yu Q, Wang J, Zhu L, Li T, Guo X, Zhang X. Activation of ATF3/AP-1 signaling pathway is required for P2X3-induced endometriosis pain. 2020;35(5):1130 [Crossref]
143- Al-otaibi W. Rosemary oil nano-emulsion potentiates the apoptotic effect of mitomycin C on cancer cells in vitro. PHAR. 2021;68(1):201 [Crossref]
144- Çoban Ö, Demirtaş H, Kaya-Yasar Y, Engin S, Yıldırım S, Morsali M. Formulation Optimization and in Vitro–in Vivo Evaluation of Alpha Lipoic Acid-Loaded Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles Via Design of Experiments. J Pharm Innov. 2025;20(2) [Crossref]
145- Vaziri M, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Kabiri H, Nasirizadeh S, Golmohammadzadeh S, Kamali H. Preparation and Characterization of Undecylenoyl Phenylalanine Loaded-Nanostructure Lipid Carriers (NLCs) as a New α-MSH Antagonist and Antityrosinase Agent. Adv Pharm Bull. 2023;13(2):290 [Crossref]
146- Sharma D, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Kumar B, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Alrouji M, Alhajlah S, AlOmeir O, Vishwas S, Khursheed R, Saini S, Kumar A, Parveen S, Gupta G, Zacconi F, Chellappan D, Morris A, Loebenberg R, Dua K, Singh S. Chitosan modified 5-fluorouracil nanostructured lipid carriers for treatment of diabetic retinopathy in rats: A new dimension to an anticancer drug. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023;224:810 [Crossref]
147- Moreira T, Silva A, Vasconcelos B, Santos E, de Sousa A, de Freitas J, de Oliveira Y, Vidal L, Ribeiro F, de Araújo A, Vieira Neto J, Pessoa C, Petrilli R, Eloy J. DOPE/CHEMS-Based EGFR-Targeted Immunoliposomes for Docetaxel Delivery: Formulation Development, Physicochemical Characterization and Biological Evaluation on Prostate Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(3):915 [Crossref]
148- Henser‐Brownhill T, Martin L, Samangouei P, Ladak A, Apostolidou M, Nagel B, Kwok A. In Silico Screening Accelerates Nanocarrier Design for Efficient mRNA Delivery. Advanced Science. 2024;11(30) [Crossref]
149- Din F, Zeb A, Shah K, Shah Z. Development, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of ezetimibe-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and their comparison with marketed product. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2019;51:583 [Crossref]
150- Sartaj A, Nabi B, Iqubal A, Aggarwal N, Haider K, Baboota S, Ali J. Development and Characterization of Oral Efavirenz-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and Their Optimization with Box–Behnken Design Approach for the Neurological Disorder. ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies. 2025;23(2):84 [Crossref]
151- Limayem A, Patil S, Mehta M, Cheng F, Nguyen M. A Streamlined Study on Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanomicelle Properties to Mitigate a Drug-Resistant Biofilm Protection Mechanism. Front Nanotechnol. 2020;2 [Crossref]
152- Villar M, Vidallon M, Rodriguez E. Nanostructured lipid carrier for bioactive rice bran gamma-oryzanol. Food Bioscience. 2022;50:102064 [Crossref]
153- Patil A, Lakhani P, Taskar P, Wu K, Sweeney C, Avula B, Wang Y, Khan I, Majumdar S. Formulation Development, Optimization, and In Vitro–In Vivo Characterization of Natamycin-Loaded PEGylated Nano-Lipid Carriers for Ocular Applications. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;107(8):2160 [Crossref]
154- Lalchandani D, Chenkual L, Sonpasare K, Rajdev B, Naidu V, Chella N, Porwal P. Optimization of atorvastatin and quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles using Box-Behnken design. Nanomedicine. 2024;19(17):1541 [Crossref]
155- Dobreva M, Stefanov S, Andonova V. Natural Lipids as Structural Components of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Delivery. CPD. 2020;26(36):4524 [Crossref]
156- Fonseca-Santos B, Silva P, Rigon R, Sato M, Chorilli M. Formulating SLN and NLC as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Non-Invasive Routes of Drug Administration. CMC. 2020;27(22):3623 [Crossref]
157- Maretti E, Gioia F, Rustichelli C, Molinari S, Leo E. Inflammatory-Targeted Lipid Carrier as a New Nanomaterial to Formulate an Inhaled Drug Delivery System. Molecules. 2024;29(7):1616 [Crossref]
158- Bonilla-Vidal L, Świtalska M, Espina M, Wietrzyk J, García M, Souto E, Gliszczyńska A, Sánchez-López E. Antitumoral melatonin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Nanomedicine. 2024;19(23):1879 [Crossref]
159- Karimi M, Gheybi F, Zamani P, Mashreghi M, Golmohammadzadeh S, Darban S, Badiee A, Jaafari M. Preparation and characterization of stable nanoliposomal formulations of curcumin with high loading efficacy: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor study. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020;580:119211 [Crossref]
160- Lakhani P, Patil A, Majumdar S. Recent Advances in Topical Nano drug-delivery Systems for the Anterior Ocular Segment. Ther Deliv. 2018;9(2):137 [Crossref]
161- Tawfeek H, Mekkawy A, Abdelatif A, Aldosari B, Mohammed-Saeid W, Elnaggar M. Intranasal delivery of sulpiride nanostructured lipid carrier to central nervous system; in vitro characterization and in vivo study. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2024;29(8):841 [Crossref]
162- Yanar F, Mosayyebi A, Nastruzzi C, Carugo D, Zhang X. Continuous-Flow Production of Liposomes with a Millireactor under Varying Fluidic Conditions. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(11):1001 [Crossref]
163- Khater D, Nsairat H, Odeh F, Saleh M, Jaber A, Alshaer W, Al Bawab A, Mubarak M. Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Effective Dermal and Transdermal Lipid Nanoparticles: A Review. Cosmetics. 2021;8(2):39 [Crossref]
164- Dudhipala N, AY A. Amelioration of ketoconazole in lipid nanoparticles for enhanced antifungal activity and bioavailability through oral administration for management of fungal infections. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2020;232:104953 [Crossref]
165- Hueppe N, Wurm F, Landfester K. Nanocarriers with Multiple Cargo Load—A Comprehensive Preparation Guideline Using Orthogonal Strategies. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2023;44(16) [Crossref]
166- Islam F, Das S, Ashaduzzaman M, Sillman B, Yeapuri P, Nayan M, Oupický D, Gendelman H, Kevadiya B. Development of an extended action fostemsavir lipid nanoparticle. Commun Biol. 2024;7(1) [Crossref]
167- Guidotti-Takeuchi M, Melo R, Ribeiro L, Dumont C, Ribeiro R, Brum B, de Amorim Junior T, Rossi D. Interference with Bacterial Conjugation and Natural Alternatives to Antibiotics: Bridging a Gap. Antibiotics. 2023;12(7):1127 [Crossref]