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Freq.: Quarterly

eISSN: 2251-7308 
pISSN: 2228-5881 

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Adv Pharm Bull. 2020;10(4): 502-511. doi: 10.34172/apb.2020.062
PMID: 33062601        PMCID: PMC7539318

Review Article

PCSK9: A Key Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Saeideh Sobati 1,2, Amir Shakouri 1, Mahdi Edalati 3,4, Daryoush Mohammadnejad 1, Reza Parvan 5, Javad Masoumi 6, Jalal Abdolalizadeh 7,4 * ORCID

Cited by CrossRef: 17

1- Hsu C, Abdulrahim M, Mustafa M, Omar T, Balto F, Pineda I, Khudair T, Ubaid M, Ali M. The multifaceted role of PCSK9 in cancer pathogenesis, tumor immunity, and immunotherapy. Med Oncol. 2024;41(8) [Crossref]
2- Mc Auley M. Modeling cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. WIREs Mechanisms of Disease. 2022;14(3) [Crossref]
3- Gence L, Morello E, Rastegar S, Apalama M, Meilhac O, Bascands J, Diotel N. Gene expression patterns of the LDL receptor and its inhibitor Pcsk9 in the adult zebrafish brain suggest a possible role in neurogenesis. Eur J of Neuroscience. 2025;61(1) [Crossref]
4- Meer M, Meer M, Mumtaz M, Jawed U. Role of Genetics in Early-Onset Cardiovascular Disease. 2025; [Crossref]
5- Huang Y, Luo F, Zhang M, Wang L, Meng W, Hu D, Yang J, Sheng J, Wang X. 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol Improves Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Degradation in ApoE KO Mice. 2024;84(1):45 [Crossref]
6- Arsh H, Manoj Kumar F, Simran F, Tamang S, Rehman M, Ahmed G, Khan M, Malik J, Mehmoodi A. Role of PCSK9 inhibition during the inflammatory stage of SARS-COV-2: an updated review. 2024;86(2):899 [Crossref]
7- Ajoolabady A, Pratico D, Mazidi M, Davies I, Lip G, Seidah N, Libby P, Kroemer G, Ren J. PCSK9 in metabolism and diseases. Metabolism. 2025;163:156064 [Crossref]
8- Tang Y, Lv D, Tao Y, Wang J. The therapeutic effects of natural organosulfur compounds on atherosclerosis and their potential mechanisms: a comprehensive review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12 [Crossref]
9- Martinez L, Perret B, Genoux A. Update on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular risk. 2021;32(5):324 [Crossref]
10- An H, Zhu J, Li Q. PCSK9 inhibitor improved cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction in rats. Microvascular Research. 2025;162:104847 [Crossref]
11- Crooke S, Baker B, Crooke R, Liang X. Antisense technology: an overview and prospectus. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(6):427 [Crossref]
12- Lunar P, Meglič H, Vehar M, Ugovšek S, Rehberger Likozar A, Šebeštjen M, Zupan J. Effect of PCSK9 Inhibitors on Regulators of Lipoprotein Homeostasis, Inflammation and Coagulation. Biomedicines. 2025;13(2):294 [Crossref]
13- Shakhtshneider E, Ivanoshchuk D, Ragino Y, Fishman V, Polonskaya Y, Kashtanova E, Chernyavsky A, Murashov I, Voevoda M. Analysis of differential expression of lipid metabolism genes in atherosclerotic plaques in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. SJCEM. 2022;36(4):156 [Crossref]
14- Mahboudi S, Moosavi-Nasab M, Kazemi B, Rahimpour A, Eskandari M, Mohammadian O, Shams F. Utilization of the human gamma-satellite insulator for the enhancement of anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Biol Rep. 2021;48(5):4405 [Crossref]
15- Mongiello P, Petti R, Ciaccia A, Grazia Morgese M, Lombardi R. Analysis of Adherence to anti-PCSK9 Antibody Therapy among Patients from Italy. CHDDT. 2023;23(2):111 [Crossref]
16- Duddu S, Katakia Y, Chakrabarti R, Sharma P, Shukla P. New epigenome players in the regulation of PCSK9-H3K4me3 and H3K9ac alterations by statin in hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research. 2025;66(1):100699 [Crossref]
17- He C, Quan W, Zeng Y, Zhou H, You P, Li Z, Li Y, Lin L, Liu B, Liao D, Tuo Q. Construction of nicotinic acid curcumin nanoparticles and its Anti-atherosclerosis effect via PCSK9/LDL-R, ABCA1/Caveolin-1/LXR pathway. Materials & Design. 2023;229:111931 [Crossref]
18- Patel S, Guo M, Abdul Samad M, Howe K. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and modulators of atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10 [Crossref]
19- Papotti B, Adorni M, Marchi C, Zimetti F, Ronda N, Panighel G, Lupo M, Vilella A, Giuliani D, Ferri N, Bernini F. PCSK9 Affects Astrocyte Cholesterol Metabolism and Reduces Neuron Cholesterol Supplying In Vitro: Potential Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease. IJMS. 2022;23(20):12192 [Crossref]
20- Ouyang Z, Ma M, Zhang Z, Wu H, Xue Y, Jian Y, Yin K, Yu S, Zhao C, Guo W, Gu X. Targeted Degradation of PCSK9 In Vivo by Autophagy-Tethering Compounds. J Med Chem. 2024;67(1):433 [Crossref]
21- Sundararaman S, Döring Y, van der Vorst E. PCSK9: A Multi-Faceted Protein That Is Involved in Cardiovascular Biology. Biomedicines. 2021;9(7):793 [Crossref]
22- López-Aguilar E, Pacheco-Velázquez S, Busquets M, Hay J, Mueller P, Fazio S, Ciudad C, Noé V, Pamir N. Inhibition of PCSK9 with polypurine reverse hoogsteen hairpins: A novel gene therapy approach. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2025;238:116976 [Crossref]
23- Polak A, Machnik G, Bułdak Ł, Ruczyński J, Prochera K, Bujak O, Mucha P, Rekowski P, Okopień B. The Application of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) in the Inhibition of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) Gene Expression in a Cell-Free Transcription/Translation System. IJMS. 2024;25(3):1463 [Crossref]
24- Papotti B, Palumbo M, Adorni M, Elviri L, Chiari A, Tondelli M, Bedin R, Baldelli E, Lancellotti G, Lupo M, Ferri N, Bertolotti M, Bernini F, Mussi C, Zimetti F. Influence of APOE4 genotype on PCSK9-lipids association in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients in the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2024;102(1):162 [Crossref]
25- Li T, Wu R, Luo K. PCSK9 Promotes the Malignancy of Triple‐negative Breast Cancer Cells by Reducing Cholesterol Levels at the Plasma Membrane to Activate EGFR and HER3. Advanced Science. 2025;12(20) [Crossref]
26- Lee C, Lee Y, Jung J, Hyun S, Lee J, Park J, Park S, Lee S. Cholesterol-modulating effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) targeting PCSK9 in hyperlipidemia. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1) [Crossref]