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Freq.: Quarterly

eISSN: 2251-7308 
pISSN: 2228-5881 

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Adv Pharm Bull. 2023;13(4): 688-700. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.071
PMID: 38022801        PMCID: PMC10676556

Review Article

Role of GSK-3β Inhibitors: New Promises and Opportunities for Alzheimer’s Disease

Suggala Ramya Shri 1 ORCID, Suman Manandhar 1 ORCID, Yogendra Nayak 1 ORCID, K Sreedhara Ranganath Pai 1 * ORCID

Cited by CrossRef: 11

1- Pal C. Mitochondria-targeting by small molecules against Alzheimer's disease: A mechanistic perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2025;1871(3):167617 [Crossref]
2- Liu Y, Ma X, Xu J, Wang X, Liu L, Ren X, Zhang C, Zhou S, Wang Y, Guo X, Yuan L. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intervention ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in db/db mice by mitigating cortical insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy metabolism impairment. Journal of Advanced Research. 2025; [Crossref]
3- Alshehri G, Al-kuraishy H, Waheed H, Al-Gareeb A, Faheem S, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, El-Saber Batiha G. Tirzepatide: a novel therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2025;40(5) [Crossref]
4- Shri S, Nayak Y, Ranganath Pai S. Molecular docking studies and molecular dynamic simulation analysis: To identify novel ATP-competitive inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase-3β for Alzheimer’s disease. F1000Res. 2025;13:773 [Crossref]
5- Jitendra Joshi N, Raja Sekhar Reddy A. Navigating the GSK-3β inhibitors as versatile multi-target drug ligands in Alzheimer’s disease intervention – A comprehensive review. Results in Chemistry. 2024;7:101500 [Crossref]
6- Shri S, Nayak Y, Ranganath Pai S. Molecular docking studies and molecular dynamic simulation analysis: To identify novel ATP-competitive inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase-3β for Alzheimer’s disease. F1000Res. 2024;13:773 [Crossref]
7- Thawabteh A, Ghanem A, AbuMadi S, Thaher D, Jaghama W, Karaman D, Karaman R. Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecules. 2024;29(21):5131 [Crossref]
8- Joshi N, Alavala R. Identification of novel ligands against GSK-3β: Molecular docking, ADMET filtering, MD simulations, MM-GBSA studies, and DFT analysis. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2025;118:108478 [Crossref]
9- Xun Q, Zhang J, Feng L, Ma Y, Li Y, Shi X. Identification of a novel pyrrolo[2,3- b ]pyridine compound as a potent glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitor for treating Alzheimer’s disease . Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2025;40(1) [Crossref]
10- Chen Y, Dong H, Huang X, Jiang L, Jiang Z, Li L, Hu J, Chen W. Discovery of fluorescent and theranostic probes for glycogen synthase kinase-3β in living cells and brain tissues: Detection and imaging in models of Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2025;291:117639 [Crossref]
11- Hong X, Huang L, Lei F, Li T, Luo Y, Zeng M, Wang Z. The Role and Pathogenesis of Tau Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules. 2025;15(6):824 [Crossref]
12- Shri S, Nayak Y, Ranganath Pai S. Molecular docking studies and molecular dynamic simulation analysis: To identify novel ATP-competitive inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase-3β for Alzheimer’s disease. F1000Res. 2024;13:773 [Crossref]
13- Rekha A, Afzal M, Babu M, Menon S, Nathiya D, Supriya S, Mishra S, Gupta S, Goyal K, Rana M, Ali H, Imran M. GSK-3β dysregulation in aging: Implications for tau pathology and Alzheimer's disease progression. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 2025;133:104005 [Crossref]
14- Góral I, Wichur T, Sługocka E, Godyń J, Szałaj N, Zaręba P, Głuch-Lutwin M, Mordyl B, Panek D, Więckowska A. Connecting GSK-3β Inhibitory Activity with IKK-β or ROCK-1 Inhibition to Target Tau Aggregation and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease—Discovery, In Vitro and In Cellulo Activity of Thiazole-Based Inhibitors. Molecules. 2024;29(11):2616 [Crossref]
15- El‐Kadi R, AbdelKader N, Zaki H, Kamel A. Influence of β‐catenin signaling on neurogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders: Anxiety and depression. Drug Development Research. 2024;85(1) [Crossref]
16- Alshahrani S, Al-kuraishy H, Al-Gareeb A, Albuhadily A, Fawzy M, Kadasah S, Alruwaili M, Papadakis M, Alexiou A, El-Saber Batiha G. Berberine's paradox in Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic promise and safety challenges in Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology. 2025;278:110555 [Crossref]
17- Bayraktar G, Alptüzün V. Recent Molecular Targets and their Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease. CTMC. 2024;24(28):2447 [Crossref]
18- Turkistani A, Al-kuraishy H, Al-Gareeb A, Albuhadily A, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Elfiky M, Saad H, Batiha G. Therapeutic Potential Effect of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK-3β) Inhibitors in Parkinson Disease: Exploring an Overlooked Avenue. Mol Neurobiol. 2024;61(9):7092 [Crossref]
19- Ziętal K, Mirowska-Guzel D, Nowaczyk A, Blecharz-Klin K. Cnicus benedictus: Folk Medicinal Uses, Biological Activities, and In Silico Screening of Main Phytochemical Constituents. Planta Med. 2024;90(13):976 [Crossref]
20- Dunlap N, Friedland R, Cai L. Alzheimer's disease and low-dose radiation therapy: A new hope. Radiation Medicine and Protection. 2024;5(1):1 [Crossref]
21- Asl F, Malverdi N, Mojahedian F, Baziyar P, Nabi-Afjadi M. Discovery of effective GSK-3β inhibitors as therapeutic potential against Alzheimer's disease: A computational drug design insight. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025;306:141273 [Crossref]
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23- Antonioni A, Martorana A, Santarnecchi E, Hampel H, Koch G. The neurobiological foundation of effective repetitive transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2025;21(6) [Crossref]
24- Sharma A, Mannan A, Singh T. Unraveling novel mechanisms of ATP-Binding cassette (ABC) transporter in insulin Resistance-induced amyloidogenesis. Metab Brain Dis. 2025;40(5) [Crossref]
25- Sai Varshini M, Aishwarya Reddy R, Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy P. Unlocking hope: GSK-3 inhibitors and Wnt pathway activation in Alzheimer’s therapy. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2024;32(8):909 [Crossref]